Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Example

Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Example Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay In this calling episode I would wish to depict the undertaking that I worked on during Nov 2008 to Oct 2010. I was working as a Technical Support Engineer in Alcatel Lucent undertaking for Mobilink called Mobilink Infinity, a good known Telecommunication Company in Pakistan. Mobilink Infinity was one of the biggest undertakings of Mobilink. Background Alcatel-Lucent is a supplier of telecommunication and information communicating systems, and related services, covering a scope of engineerings, including particularly nomadic webs. My Duties and Duties: Integration, Configuration, Optimization and Support of Alcatel-Lucent 7450 ESS-6 functioning as CE ( Customer s Edge ) in Mobilink Infinity ( WiMAX ) Program. Integration, Configuration and Support of OMNI 6850E functioning as CE ( Customer Edge ) for Asignaling over IP and Gb over IP. Configuration and Support of Alcatel-Lucent 8628 Multi Media Instant Conferencing ( MMIC ) Server deployed for inhouse and privy activities in Mobilink GSM. Configuration ofA ESS 7450A ( VPLS, A IES ) A asA per Network Design Diagram.A ConfigurationA Fiber/EthernetA portsA ( Trunk/A LAG s ) A asA perA demand and NDD.A Migration of unrecorded web from Omni Switch 6850 and Huawei Edge Router to ALU 7450 ESS-6. Coordination with Level 3 Support ( Turkey ) for declaration of TASC ticket of ESS 7450. Weekly backup of ESS 7450 and OMNI 6850E constellation. Analyzing KPI s traffic statistics and supervising the web to better public presentation. Performing and Analyzing drive trial and bring forthing studies with recommended actions. Frequency Planning, Frequency Auditing and Neighbor Planning for new and old Cell Sites. Responsible for traffic dimensioning with optimum usage of Half Rate. Perform Engineering Survey, Documentation, Site Acquisition of BSS sites for corroborating the handiness of proper infinite and specification demands for Alcatel equipment. Performed the Swap from ZTE to ALU, Motorola to ALU and NTS ALU Indoor to ALU outdoor. Personal workplace activity My occupation duites as support Engineer A ; RF Engineer included Planning and Managing Wireless Projects their Deployments, Configurations, Maintenance and Operations for Point-to-Multipoint connectivity over 3.5 GHz and Point-to-Point connectivity over 5.8 GHz Band, for Broadband and Data Circuits. As a support applied scientist I was foremost assign the undertaking of optimising the RF web and doing studies on the coverage. PMCL was in the soft launch stage that clip. Friendly user proving was traveling on that clip. In two month I had to work with our RF squad for doing all the coverage maps and optimising the web so that when we commercially launch our solution, we should hold proper coverage in all the promised country. The tool/software we used was XCAL ( Tool for the drive trial in WiMAX ) . This tool is a really efficient one. By utilizing it we can bring forth all the RF parametric quantity studies demoing the CINR ( bearer intervention noise ratio ) , RSSI ( Receive signal strength strength ) and transmit power optimisation inside informations etc. My accomplishments for thrust testing are ever appreciated to great trade. I conducted drive testing of around 70 plus sites out of 250 sites in the south part. XCAP ( Tool for drive trial consequences treating in WiMAX ) was the tool we used for the processing of the consequences and bring forthing the RF coverage maps and studies. Those studies and coverage maps are really utile in the hereafter parametric quantity alterations for the optimisation in conformity with the client demands. With the aid of those studies physical parametric quantities alterations were besides changed. For betterments in the RF coverage. RF studies were conducted on the wimax sites maintaining in position the orientations and jousts of the RF aerial. NPO ( Network Performance Optimizer ) is the tool used for the optimisation. This tool helps us take the public presentation trial of the RF sites so that we address the issues of slow browse, camping/decamping issues and VOIP ( voice over internet protocol ) issues. The most of import portion of my work was to develop elaborate studies on twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and hebdomadal footing. Those studies contained all the work performed on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and hebdomadal footing demoing the alterations we made and the consequences obtained afterwards. Hammer Call Analyzer is used for the VOIP proving. Two RF parametric quantities RSSI and CINR are monitored closely with the environmental alterations to better the voice quality. SBC ( Session surround control ) is the device used with the NGN ( following coevals ) Router for supplying the VOIP services to the client. Testing the different seller merchandises to acquire the perfect compatible device for our web so that that VOIP service can be offered to the client. Zyxel was the first seller we used but recently Siemens was the seller we get satisfied with. With the directional aerial type used in the Siemens device made it the preferable device for both the services i.e broadband cyberspace and VOIP. Zyxel was utilizing the omni-directional aerial for their indoor devices. I was on a regular basis deployed on our MSC ( Mobile exchanging centre ) where the chief commanding unit WAC ( Wimax Access Control ) is installed. WAC controls all the entree points installed in the web. My chief responsibility there was to analyse the web traffic flow and the upgrading of the clients CPE microcode. We were holding 15000 plus client at that clip. So acquiring them upgraded was a really tough undertaking but I did it on clip. The trials which I performed after the firmware/software migration are Network Entry trial, NW entry sensitiveness trial, Pinging Test, PER ( Packet Error Rate ) Test, Throughput VS Coverage Test, Throughput VS Speed Test, Simultaneous DL VS UL Test, NW capacity Trials, Backhauling trial, VoIP Tests ( Using X-Lite / CPEs ) . After the commercial launch I was deployed with the squad to look after the Microwave nexus installing for corporate clients like Bankss and transnational etc and their monitoring and care. These MW links are the same as that of normal microwave transmittal used in the sites backhauling. I have the custodies on experience of installing, commissioning and operation of assortments of MW equipment. I conducted TSS ( Technical site study ) before the installing of the nexus. The study consists of look intoing the line of site ( LOS ) , seller suitable for the client, the type of solution harmonizing to the client demand, Coordinates of the location, edifice tallness, Azimuth ( angle ) and so utilizing the package PATHLOSS 4.0 to do the connectivity program for the nexus and look into if any intervention issue persist. I calculated the intervention, melt border and TSS inside informations for the processing of LINK BUDGET and provided the installing squad, guidelines for the nexus installing. I designed a system of Progress update sheets to update the day-to-day advancement of work in the site and paid regular visit to look into and verify the site status as per Update sheets and take exposure of site advancement which helped me in doing of site entree study. I monitored the clip spent on activities Vs the clip originally estimated. I reviewed A ; updated the undertaking program on a regular basis, reapportioning resources and rescheduling activities as required. In Mobilink Wimax Project, I used my technology abilities to run into the latest demands of Telecom industry. My chief aims were to work as a squad and develop a feasible solution that could assist others to finish this type of exercising in a given clip frame successfully. Summary I used my technology abilities to run into the latest demands of Telecom industry. My chief aims were to work as a squad and develop a feasible solution that could assist others to finish this type of exercising in a given clip frame successfully. Besides I learnt to ever utilize economical solution in technology to be successful.

The Walt Disney Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Walt Disney Company - Research Paper Example The company was later reincorporated in 1929 as Walt Disney Productions, Ltd, and it became a publicly-traded company in 1938. The company became a leading American animation industry before it was diversified into live-action film production, television, and travel. The Walt Disney Company is well known for its Walt Disney Pictures Group and presently it is one of the leading studios in Hollywood. The Walt Disney has formed a $7 billion agreement with Pixar Animation Studios where Steve Jobs is the Chief Executive Officer and 50.6% owner. On the strength of this deal, Jobs will become the largest shareholder at Disney and acquire a major position in its director board. This alliance ensures the collaborated business operation of both Pixar and Disney animation studios. Management experts opine that this acquisition would assist the Disney to continue its dominance in American animation industry. Presently, both the Disney and Pixar possess considerable managerial strengths which off er prosperous future for the integrated operations. This paper will evaluate the scope of the Disney-Pixar alliance by focusing more on different aspects of this acquisition strategy. Steve Jobs’ influence on Walt Disney Steve Jobs who is blessed with an innovative brain is the co-founder of Apple Inc; whereas, the Disney has already gained a good stature among its customers across the globe. The case study indicates that the Disney’s long run success can be mainly attributed to its value creation through diversification. The company’s three dimensional corporate strategies include horizontal and geographic expansion as well as vertical integration. When the Disney takes advantages of all available expansional opportunities or choices of businesses, Steve Jobs tries to develop new products in accordance with changing market interests. Hence, Disney’s repute and Jobs’ technical expertise together would assist the Walt Disney to achieve infinite heig hts in market. On the strength of Job’s long years’ experience in technological innovation, the Disney can minimize its research and development costs to a large extent. In addition, this strategic alliance would assist the Disney to reduce the intensity of market competition and the situation may add value to the company’s future vision and strategies. As Mungenast (2007) points out, the Pixar Animation Studios also possess a series of competitive strengths including CGI-animate feature films developed with PhotoRealistic RenderMan that generates high quality images (p.9). Therefore, the planned acquisition may assist the Disney to increase the number of its potential customer groups. It is known to everyone that Jobs’ relentless effort was the only factor that lifted Pixar and Apple sky-high. If he can bring his innovativeness to this new venture, he will uplift the staid company to a leading laboratory for media convergence. Management of Digital Age C orporation After his astounding success in Apple and Pixar, Steve Jobs sets a new bar for how to manage a Digital Age corporation. As music, movies, and photography go digital, customer interests have switched from complex product structures to elegant simple devices. From the case study, it is clear that Jobs in an obsessive perfectionist who demands total control over each and every aspect of product, from hardware and software to its applications. Jobs’ efficient leadership also contributes to the effective management of a

West and the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

West and the world - Essay Example The occupation of the Americas was fundamental for the development of the various European countries. As such, they employed specific strategies in their attempts to carve out huge empires in the regions. Among the strategies they used was the divide and rule, a technique the European employed thereby setting the indigenous people against each other thereby making them weak thus easy to rule. Furthermore, the European enjoyed economic and military might thereby quelling any form of opposition from the indigenous people. Using the above techniques, the Europeans readily occupied the most arable lands in the various countries thereby enhancing their economic growth. Â   The Europeans encountered numerous people including the indigenous people in the areas they occupied. The red Indians in North and Central America and the Latinos were among the groups of indigenous people the Europeans encountered in the quest to colonize the Americas. The indigenous people were few and lived in scattered structured. This made them vulnerable and exposed thereby making it easy for the Europeans to occupy. The outcomes of the encounters were bloody as the European often used force in their attempt to occupy the areas. Â   Making of the three empires above remain vital in the development of the world. The structures of the early empires influence the political structures of the specific regions. Among the factors that necessitated the development of the empires was the need for the societies to have centralized leadership. This way, the people could coexist peacefully under the leadership of a single leader. The empires resulted in the fortification of the regions as each empire developed clear demarcation thereby forming diplomatic relationships with other regions. This enhanced the development of trade thus enhancing the economic development of the regions. Additionally, the regions formed appropriate

Factors afecting enzyme activity Essay Example for Free

Factors afecting enzyme activity Essay Below is a table of result which I obtained when conducting these experiments. Time (s) Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide (cm3) 0. 0 Amount of gas given off using 2cm3 of liver suspension and 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3)   Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3) 0 Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 4cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3). Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3)   Amount of gas given off using 0. 5cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3) 0By looking at these results I can see that the best ratio I have tested so far is the ratio of 10:1 (5cm3 hydrogen peroxide to 0. 5 cm3 liver suspension) as it gives me a good spread of results and does not happen so quickly that I cannot take results from it. I obtained a 1cm3 syringe with which I could accurately measure to the nearest 0. 02 cm3 I used 0. 2cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide my results are in the table below. Time (s): 0. 0   Amount of gas given off using 0. 2cm3 of liver suspension and 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide (cm3his ratio gave me good results which I can easily analyse so I have decided to use this ratio in my final experiment. I will use the concentrations 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of liver suspension in my experiments as these should give me sensible results. Also, after conducting these experiments I have decided to use a 1cm3 syringe as this will give me accurate results and I have decided to use a gas cylinder rather than a measuring cylinder to collect gas as this is more accurate and easy to read. Fair testing In order to ensure that my results are reliable and accurate I will endeavour to make sure that there is only one variable in all of my experiments. Given that I only wish to test one variable I will make sure that I control all other variables that could affect the amount of gas produced in my experiments. Factors that could affect the results of my experiments are temperature, pH, apparatus and substances. To maintain a constant temperature throughout all my experiments I will conduct all of my experiments with the side arm boiling tube in an electronically heated water bath set at a temperature of 30i C. I have chosen this temperature as it is higher than room temperature so this will not affect it and it is not at a temperature high enough to denature the enzymes. To control pH I will add a pH buffer to the liver suspension buffering the pH at seven. I have chosen seven as it is neutral and therefore should not affect my experiments. I will also test the pH of the liver suspension at the start of each experiment using universal indicator if the paper turns light green I will know the pH is seven. To ensure that my apparatus is in working order I will ensure that I assemble the apparatus well and double check that all connections are well made and are therefore as air tight as possible. This will mean that any all gas produced goes into the gas cylinder and does not escape the apparatus so that my results are accurate. Given that all substance concentration that I will ask for will be mixed by the school biology department I cannot be sure exactly what is in them so unfortunately I will have to trust that all the substances I use are what they should be. Before using any of my substances I will stir them for ten seconds using a glass rod, this is to ensure that there is an even distribution of liver in my suspension so my results are accurate. Also, I will always use the same concentration of 10 vols hydrogen peroxide. Another factor which could affect my results is human error. When I am conducting my experiments it is possible that I could inaccurately measure my substances and I could start the stop clock at the wrong time. To accurately measure all of my substances I have chosen the most accurate apparatus to measure them with. I will measure as closely as is possible with the human eye measuring my liver suspension accurate to the nearest 0. 01cm3 and my hydrogen peroxide to the nearest 0. 1cm3. Also, when injecting my hydrogen peroxide I will inject it as quickly as possible so the full amount is in the boiling tube as soon as possible. I will start the stop clock at the very moment I inject the hydrogen peroxide so my results are accurate. Safety When conducting my experiments it is vital that I take the utmost care to be safe in the laboratory. I will wear safety glasses to protect my eyes as well as tucking my tie into my shirt to avoid it coming into contact with any apparatus or substances. Also, when dealing with hydrogen peroxide I will only remove the stopper from the bottle when I need to use it, I will extract it with a syringe and replace the stopper immediately. I will do this as hydrogen peroxide is highly dangerous and can cause the spontaneous combustion of clothing if applied in high concentrations. Also I will take great care when handling glass equipment and will ensure that all apparatus is properly clamped in place before beginning my experiments. I will be aware of others around me, tidying my apparatus away so it does not pose a danger to others. Also, I will wash my hands after conducting my experiments so as not to leave any dangerous substances on my hands which may be ingested if I put my hands near my mouth. MethodApparatus   A water bath   A trough A side arm boiling tube   A test tube rack   A gas cylinder   A stopwatch   A clamp and retort stand   1x 1cmi syringe   1x 5cmi syringe   A bung with a space for a syringe. Thermometer Diagram Procedure Before conducting any experiments I will ensure that the gas cylinder is full of water with no air bubbles by filling it then placing my thumb over it whilst submersing it in the trough. I will also ensure that the water bath is at a temperature of 30i C. After collecting the listed apparatus I will set it up as in the diagram above. I will then remove the bung and collect a liver suspension. I will begin with a concentration of 2% then proceed to use 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% as well as a control of distilled water. I will firstly take a sample of the solution in a test tube and universal indicator solution to it to in order to monitor the pH of the suspension. I will not add a buffer to control the pH as the chemicals in the buffer could interfere with the reaction and alter my results. I will measure out 0. 2cm3 of the suspension using a 1 cm3 syringe being as accurate as is possible with the naked eye when measuring. I will inject this suspension into the side arm boiling tube and replace the bung. I will then use the 5cm3 syringe to measure out 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide. I will place the syringe into the bung and ensure that all my apparatus is air tight. I will then quickly inject all of the hydrogen peroxide into the boiling tube whilst simultaneously starting the stop clock. I will then record the amount of gas collected in the gas cylinder at ten second intervals for a period of two minutes. I will then repeat each experiment three times for each concentration of liver. I will record all my results on the table below. After collecting my results I will go on to test a different liver concentration until I have three sets of data for five different concentrations as well as a control. I will then tabulate these results and use the average results for each experiment to plot a graph of my results allowing me to analyse them easily. Taking the average of three experiments for each suspension will give me more reliable results as it will reduce the affect of anomalous results. Also, to ensure that all my tests are fair I will endeavour to use exactly the same conditions for each experiment by maintaining a constant temperature and by measuring all substances as accurately as is possible. I will also ensure that my apparatus is set up in exactly the same way for each experiment. When conducting my experiments I will consider all factors which I discussed in the fair testing section of this project making my results as reliable and accurate as possible. Observations On the next page is a table showing my results for the experiments described in my plan. I will go on to analyse these results in the analysis section. Analysis On the next page is a graph showing volume of gas produced against time for the six concentrations of liver suspension I used in my experiments. Although the graph of my results that I produced may at first appear not to agree with my predicted graph it does in fact indicate that my hypothesis was true. The lines on my graph are in the same positions as I predicted apart from the control graph which was higher than I expected. The lines did not flatten out as I predicted however, I believe this is due to the fact that I used a short time scale and the graphs would have flattened out had I used a longer time scale. I did not use a longer time scale as it would have been pointless given that I am investigating the rate of reaction of several different liver concentrations rather than the rate of reaction changing over time in one concentration of liver. On the whole I am happy with my graphs and I think they verify my hypothesis. My graph for the reaction rate of the 2% liver concentration followed this pattern well. Initially there was a dramatic increase in the amount of gas released. After the first ten seconds this slowed significantly, the amount of gas released still increased but it increased much more slowly and steadily. This was because the catalase broke down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen slowly and steadily. The reason for the graph continuously going up slowly throughout the entire two minute period was because there was little catalase compared to hydrogen peroxide meaning that even by the end of the two minutes there was still a lot of hydrogen peroxide which had not been decomposed and so the enzymes were still working at the same rate. I think that if I had let the experiment continue for a longer time period the gradient of the graph would have flattened to zero as all of the hydrogen peroxide would have been decomposed. My line is approximately straight showing me that the reaction rate was roughly the same throughout the experiment however, the gradient is steepest at approximately sixty seconds meaning that the rate was highest here. In order to compare the rates of reaction of all my graphs I will need to calculate the rate of reaction for each graph. I will do this by dividing the amount of oxygen produced by the time taken to produce it. This will give me a rate in cmi of oxygen per second (cmi /s). I have chosen to take the rates of reaction from the points on the graphs after thirty seconds. Although it may seem that the maximum rate is at ten seconds and so I should take this rate I think this is due to the hydrogen peroxide I injected displacing air in the apparatus. I have chosen thirty seconds as I think this is sufficient time for the experiment to have settled after the initial burst of gas and it is not too late that some of the reactions had begun to slow down. The rate of reaction at thirty seconds for the 2% concentration suspension is as follows: 3. 83cmi 30s =0. 13cmi /s (2dp) I chose to take my rates to two decimal places as this is accurate enough for me to analyse my rate graph well and it is not so accurate that it would be difficult to plot on a graph. My graph for the rate of reaction of the 4% concentration liver suspension further supports my hypothesis. It has the same initial increase in gas from when I injected the hydrogen peroxide, it then continues to slope upwards but not as fast as before. As I predicted the 4% graph slopes up at a higher gradient than the 2% solution graph. This can be seen by simply looking at the graph. As predicted the gradient of each line is higher than the one that preceded it. This is because as the concentration of the suspension increases there is more catalase to break down the hydrogen peroxide into its component parts. I will now proceed to compare the gradients and rates of reaction for each concentration. On this graph the gradient of the line and the rate of reaction are the same thing as gradient=change in Y Change in X And rate of reaction=amount of gas produced (change in Y axis) Time (change in x axis) Below is a table showing the rates of reaction for each of my concentrations of catalase including the control experiment of 0% catalase. As before I will take the gradient of the line after thirty seconds. concentration of liver suspension amount of gas produced (cmi ) time (s) rate of reaction (cmi /s). On the next page is a graph of my results, I have plotted concentration of liver suspension against rate of reaction, this will better show my results and will help to verify my hypothesis. As you can see from the graph there is clearly a relationship of proportionality between the rate of reaction and the concentration of liver suspension as I predicted in my hypothesis. I have added a best-fit line to my graph to better show this trend. As I predicted the line is slopes upwards showing that as the concentration of liver suspension increases the rate of reaction increases, this is due to the fact that there was more catalase to collide with the hydrogen peroxide in the higher concentrations. One problem with these results is that my control experiment seems to have a rate of reaction however, this is simply due to the initial burst of gas at the start of the experiment when the hydrogen peroxide that I injected displaced air in my apparatus. Although this effectively means that all of my results are wrong I can still draw sensible conclusions from my graphs as every one of my results had the same displacement of air so when comparing my results this in fact has no effect. If there had been no displacement of air in my apparatus I think this line would have been straight and through the origin showing that rate of reaction and concentration of liver suspension are directly proportional. I will not attempt to subtract the gas displaced by the hydrogen peroxide from my results as this could further magnify any inaccuracies in my experiments and I do not need to in order to draw reliable conclusions from my graph. The conclusion I have come to by looking at my graphs is that my hypothesis was correct. I think that as the concentration of the liver suspension increases so does the rate of reaction proportionally.

Obedience and Submissiveness in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Ess

Obedience and Submissiveness in Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett's pessimistic attitude about the existence of man lead him to write one of the best contemporary plays known to the twentieth century. Even with its bland unchanging set, clown-like characters, and seemingly meaningless theme, Waiting for Godot, arouses the awareness of human tragedy through the characters' tragic flaws. Charles Lyons feels, a character's attitude of the space in which he lives, shows a range of detail marking economic status, social classification, and psychology (Lyons 19). Beckett uses the character, Lucky, as a metaphor for Man. Using physical, mental, and social blemishes, Lucky exemplifies Becketts idea that universal man is a slave to his own being. First Lucky symbolizes man's slavery in a physical sense. Lucky has a master that instructs him where to go and what to do. Lucky is physically tied with a rope to his master, but in a sense is also tied to him by fear of being alone. Lucky is asked by two tramps to dance, but refuses. Lucky only dances at his master command. Lucky is also a slave to weakness. When Lucky does finally dance, he shuffles chaotically. Ramona Cormier and Janis Pallister describe Lucky's movements as stiff and ungraceful. They believe it is because he is use to being loaded down with burdens...his body is unable to move freely (Cormier and Pallister 13). Brooks feels that age has diminished Lucky's dance to a few ineffectual, spasmodic memories of a past ritual (Brooks 294). Lucky calls his dance the net (Beckett, Act I 27). It is ironical that Lucky does not escape the net that restricts him from being independent. The last physical characteristic of slavery that Lucky exemplifi... ... C. "The Mythic Pattern in Waiting for Godot." Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 292-299. Carey, Gary, and James Roberts, eds. Beckett's Waiting for Godot, Endgame, & Other Plays. Cliffs Notes, Inc. Nebraska: 1995. Cromier, Romona.,and Janis L. Pallister. Waiting for Death. Alabama: U of Alabama Press, 1979. Fletcher, J. "Action and Play in Beckett's Theater." Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 242-246. Iser, W. "Beckett's Dramatic Language." Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 251-259. Lamont, Rosette. "Beckett's Metaphysics of Choiceless Awareness." Samuel Beckett Now. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1975. 199-217. Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. New York: Grove Press, 1983. Metman, Eva. "Reflections on Samuel Beckett's Plays." Samuel Beckett: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Martin Esslin. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965

Software Developer

R N S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHANNASANDRA, BANGALORE – 61 UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES FOR 6TH SEMESTER INFORMATION SCIENCE SUBJECT CODE: 06CS62 PREPARED BY RAJKUMAR Assistant Professor Department of Information Science DIVYA K 1RN09IS016 6th Semester Information Science and Engineering [email  protected] com Text Books: 1 Terrence Chan: Unix System Programming Using C++, Prentice Hall India, 1999. 2 W. Richard Stevens, Stephen A.Rago: Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2005 Notes have been circulated on self risk nobody can be held responsible if anything is wrong or is improper information or insufficient information provided in it. Contents: UNIT 1, UNIT 2, UNIT 3, UNIT 4, UNIT 5, UNIT 6, UNIT 7 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION UNIX AND ANSI STANDARDS UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Do uglas McElroy and Joe Ossanna.Today UNIX systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. The ANSI C Standard In 1989, American National Standard Institute (ANSI) proposed C programming language standard X3. 159-1989 to standardise the language constructs and libraries. This is termed as ANSI C standard. This attempt to unify the implementation of the C language supported on all computer system. The major differences between ANSI C and K&R C [Kernighan and Ritchie] are as follows: ? Function prototyping ? Support of the const and volatile data type qualifiers. Support wide characters and internationalization. ? Permit function pointers to be used without dereferencing. Function prototyping ANSI C adopts C++ function prototype technique where function definition and declaration include function names, arguments’ data types, and return value data types. This enables ANSI C compilers to check for function calls in user programs that pass invalid number of arguments or incompatible arguments’ data type. These fix a major weakness of K&R C compilers: invalid function calls in user programs often pass compilation but cause programs to crash when they are executed.Eg: unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data) { /*body of foo*/ } unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data); eg: int printf(const char* fmt,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ); External declaration of this function foo is specify variable number of arguments Support of the const and volatile data type qualifiers. ? The const keyword declares that some data cannot be changed. Eg: int printf(const char* fmt,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ); Declares a fmt argument that is of a const char * data type, meaning that the function printf cannot modify data in any character array that is passed as an actual argument value to fmt.Volatile keyword specifies that the values of some variables may change asynchronously, giving an hint to the compiler’s optimization algorithm not to remove any â€Å"redundant† statements that involve â€Å"volatile† objects. char get_io() { volatile char* io_port = 0x7777; char ch = *io_port; /*read first byte of data*/ ch = *io_port; /*read second byte of data*/ } ? eg: If io_port variable is not declared to be volatile when the program is compiled, the compiler may eliminate second ch = *io_port statement, as it is considered redundant with respect to the previous statement. Prepared By: RAJKUMAR [Asst. Prof. ] & DIVYA K [1RN09IS016] Page 1 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES The const and volatile data type qualifiers are also supported in C++. Support wide characters and internationalisation ? ? ANSI C supports internationalisation by allowing C-program to use wide characters. Wide characters use more than one byte of storage per character. ANSI C defines the setlocale function, which allows users to specify the format of date, monetary and real number re presentations. For eg: most countries display the date in dd/mm/yyyy format whereas US displays it in mm/dd/yyyy format. Function prototype of setlocale function is: ? #include char setlocale (int category, const char* locale); ? The setlocale function prototype and possible values of the category argument are declared in the header. The category values specify what format class(es) is to be changed. Some of the possible values of the category argument are: category value effect on standard C functions/macros LC_CTYPE LC_TIME LC_NUMERIC LC_MONETARY LC_ALL ? ? ? ? ? Affects behavior of the macros Affects date and time format. Affects number representation format Affects monetary values format combines the affect of all above Permit function pointers without dereferencing ANSI C specifies that a function pointer may be used like a function name.No referencing is needed when calling a function whose address is contained in the pointer. For Example, the following statement given below d efines a function pointer funptr, which contains the address of the function foo. extern void foo(double xyz,const int *ptr); void (*funptr)(double,const int *)=foo; The function foo may be invoked by either directly calling foo or via the funptr. foo(12. 78,†Hello world†); funptr(12. 78,†Hello world†); K&R C requires funptr be dereferenced to call foo. (* funptr) (13. 48,†Hello usp†); ANSI C also defines a set of C processor(cpp) symbols, which may be used in user programs.These symbols are assigned actual values at compilation time. cpp SYMBOL USE _STDC_ Feature test macro. Value is 1 if a compiler is ANSI C, 0 otherwise _LINE_ Evaluated to the physical line number of a source file. _FILE_ Value is the file name of a module that contains this symbol. _DATE_ Value is the date that a module containing this symbol is compiled. _TIME_ value is the time that a module containing this symbol is compiled. The following test_ansi_c. c program illustrates the use of these symbols: #include int main() { #if _STDC_==0 printf(â€Å"cc is not ANSI C compliant†); #else printf(â€Å"%s compiled at %s:%s.This statement is at line %d †, _FILE_ , _DATE_ , _TIME_ , _LINE_ );

Beneficios migratorios para familiares de militares

Los familiares indocumentados de militares en activo, miembros de la Reserva y veteranos licenciados con honor pueden obtener importantes beneficios migratorios a travà ©s del programa Parole in Place (PIP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Beneficios migratorios de Parole in Place (PIP) El Parole in Place permite a migrantes indocumentados que son familiares de militares permanecer en Estados Unidos por periodos prorrogables de un aà ±o. Ademà ¡s, los beneficiarios pueden solicitar un permiso de trabajo, si prueban necesidad de trabajar. Asimismo, mientras el Parole in Place està ¡ vigente, los migrantes beneficiados por este programa se encuentran en estatus migratorio legal al considerà ¡rseles parolees y recibir un documento I-94. Tampoco acumulan dà ­as de presencia ilegal ni  tampoco pueden ser deportados por esta causa. Finalmente, cabe destacar que en los casos en los que el migrante que obtiene el Parole in Place es cà ³nyuge, progenitor o hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de un ciudadano estadounidense podrà ­a solicitar un ajuste de estatus. Mediante este trà ¡mite, obtener la tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card.  ¿Quià ©nes pueden solicitar Parole in Place? Para solicitar exitosamente el Parole in Place deben cumplirse una serie de requisitos. Và ­nculo familiar El migrante para el que se pide el Parole in Place debe ser esposo/a, padre, madre, viudo/a, hijo/a de un militar alistado en la actualidad en una de las cinco ramas del Ejà ©rcito de Estados Unidos (Marine Corps, Navy, Army, Coast Guard y Air Force). Tambià ©n se admite que se trate un miembro de la Selected Reserve of the Ready Reserve o de un veterano –vivo o fallecido– que fue licenciado con honor del Ejà ©rcito o de la Reserva. Ingreso ilegal a Estados Unidos El ingreso ilegal a Estados Unidos sin autorizacià ³n por parte de un oficial migratorio es una condicià ³n indispensable para que un migrante pueda beneficiarse de este programa. En otras palabras, este programa aplica a los migrantes que ingresaron ilegalmente, pero no aplica para los migrantes indocumentados que ingresaron legalmente con una visa y en la actualidad està ¡n ilegalmente en el paà ­s porque han permanecido mà ¡s tiempo que el permitido. Para los indocumentados que ingresaron legalmente puede haber otras opciones, pero no el Parole in Place. Estatus migratorio del militar El militar, reservista o veterano familiar del migrante indocumentado para el que se solicita el Parole in Place tiene que ser ciudadano estadounidense o residente permanente legal. Decisià ³n de USCIS Para que USCIS apruebe una peticià ³n debe considerar que hay una razà ³n humanitaria que lo justifique o un beneficio pà ºblico significante. Con carà ¡cter general, USCIS ha venido aprobando las peticiones en las que el à ºnico problema migratorio era la presencia ilegal. La peticià ³n puede negarse si hay otros problemas, como condenas por delitos u otras violaciones migratorias. La decisià ³n para aprobar o negar la solicitud depende de USCIS, quien tiene poder discrecional.  ¿Cà ³mo se solicita el Parole in Place y cuà ¡nto cuesta? El formulario de USCIS que debe completarse es el I-131, Aplication for Travel Document. En la Parte 2, en vez de marcar una casilla, debe escribirse a mano Military PIP. La presentacià ³n de esta planilla no tiene costo para el solicitante. Este formulario, junto con la documentacià ³n de apoyo, debe enviarse a la oficina de USCIS que corresponda segà ºn el lugar de residencia habitual. En el caso de familias militares destinadas a un lugar diferente al de su domicilio habitual, tambià ©n pueden presentar la solicitud en la oficina de USCIS que corresponda a su lugar de destino militar. Documentacià ³n de apoyo La solicitud de Parole in Place a travà ©s del formulario I-131 debe acompaà ±arse de una serie de documentos. En primer lugar, fotocopia de documento que pruebe la relacià ³n entre el solicitante del beneficio migratorio y el militar, reservista o veterano. Por ejemplo, el certificado de matrimonio o el de defuncià ³n, en caso de viudos. Si se trata de una relacià ³n filial, el certificado de nacimiento. Tambià ©n es và ¡lido presentar prueba de membresà ­a en Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System (DEERS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En segundo lugar, dos fotos del solicitante del beneficio. Deben ser idà ©nticas y tipo pasaporte. En tercer lugar, prueba del estatus militar, reservista o veterano. Por ejemplo, el I.D. militar. Y, en cuatro lugar, cualquier documento que sirva para probar razones humanitarias o de beneficio pà ºblico o cualquier otra razà ³n que se considere puede ser un factor positivo en la peticià ³n. Puede alegarse enfermedad, excelente ajuste en la comunidad, etc. Si algà ºn documento està ¡ en un idioma distinto al inglà ©s, debe traducirse y certificarse siguiendo un modelo de carta.  ¿Cuà ¡nto tiempo se demora en obtener el Parole in Place (PIP)? El USCIS no publica cuà ¡nto se demora en aprobar o negar la solicitud de Parole in Place. Sin embargo, se estima que la mayorà ­a de los casos se han venido resolviendo en tres meses o menos. Durante ese tiempo, el solicitante recibirà ¡ una cita para la toma de huellas digitales y otros datos biomà ©tricos. Otros beneficios migratorios para familiares de militares El beneficio de la Deferred Action para familiares de militares aplica a migrantes que no califican ni para un ajuste de estatus ni para el programa Parole in Place. La Deferred Action permite a un migrante con orden de deportacià ³n permanecer por un tiempo en Estados Unidos. Si solicitud es aprobada, el beneficiario podrà ­a solicitar un permiso de trabajo, argumentando necesidad econà ³mica.  ¿Dà ³nde encontrar ayuda legal para el Parole in Place? Para verificar si se califica para solicitar puede contratarse los servicios de un abogado de AILA o solicitar asesorà ­a de organizaciones de apoyo a migrantes con excelente reputacià ³n y con experiencia en este tipo de casos. Ademà ¡s, el ciudadano o residente militar, reservista o veterano puede cerrar una cita con la oficina local de USCIS y pedir hablar con el oficial a cargo de asuntos militares. Asimismo, se puede marcar a la là ­nea de Military Help 877-CIS-4MIL (877-247-4645) Tips No se puede ingresar a ninguna base militar utilizando documentacià ³n tipo matrà ­cula consular. A partir del 1 de octubre de 2020, tampoco se podrà ¡n utilizar licencias de manejar ordinarias y serà ¡ necesario mostrar un documento que cumpla con los requisitos de Real I.D. El programa de Parole in Place està ¡ siendo cuestionado por el gobierno del presidente Donald Trump. Por el momento sigue en activo y se puede solicitar este beneficio. Puntos clave: Parole in Place Este beneficio migratorio es para migrantes indocumentados que ingresaron ilegalmente a Estados Unidos.Deben ser cà ³nyuges, padres, madres o hijos de ciudadanos o residentes permanentes que està ¡n alistados en el Ejà ©rcito, la Reserva o son veteranos licenciados con honor.Los migrantes con este beneficio no pueden ser deportados y pueden sacar permiso de trabajo.Los familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos pueden, despuà ©s de obtener el Parole in Place, obtener la tarjeta de residencia solicitando un ajuste de estatus. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.