Geology and Topography of Antarctica

Antarctica is not an ideal place for a geologist to work — it is widely considered one of the coldest, driest, windiest and, during winter, darkest places on Earth. The kilometers-thick ice sheet sitting on top of 98 percent of the continent makes geologic study even more difficult. Despite these uninviting conditions, geologists are slowly gaining a better understanding of the fifth-largest continent through the use of gravity meters, ice-penetrating radar, magnetometers, and seismic instruments. Geodynamic Setting and History Continental Antarctica makes up just a portion of the much larger Antarctic Plate, which is surrounded by mostly mid-ocean ridge boundaries with six other major plates. The continent has an interesting geologic history — it was part of the supercontinent Gondwana as recently as 170 million years ago and made a final split from South America 29 million years ago. Antarctica has not always been covered in ice. At numerous times in its geologic history, the continent was warmer due to a more equatorial location and differing paleoclimates. It is not rare to find fossil evidence of vegetation and  dinosaurs  on the now-desolate continent. The most recent large-scale glaciation is thought to have begun around 35 million years ago. Antarctica has traditionally been thought of as sitting on a stable, continental shield with little geologic activity. Recently, scientists installed 13 weather-resistant seismic stations on the continent that measured the speed of earthquake waves through underlying bedrock and mantle. These waves change speed and direction whenever they encounter a different temperature or pressure in the mantle or a different composition in the bedrock, allowing geologists to create a virtual image of the underlying geology. The evidence revealed deep trenches, dormant volcanoes, and warm anomalies, suggesting that the area may be more geologically active than once thought. From space, Antarcticas geographic features seem, for lack of a better word, nonexistent. Underneath all of that snow and ice, however, lie several mountain ranges. The most prominent of these, the  Transantarctic  Mountains, are over 2,200 miles long and split the continent into two distinct halves: East Antarctica and West Antarctica. East Antarctica sits on top of a Precambrian craton, made up of mostly metamorphic rocks like gneiss and schist.  Sedimentary deposits from the Paleozoic to Early Cenozoic age lie above it.  Western Antarctica, on the other hand, is made up of orogenic belts from the past 500 million years. The summits and high valleys of the Transantarctic Mountains are some of the only places on the entire continent not covered in ice.  The other areas that are free from ice can be found on the  warmer Antarctic Peninsula, which extends 250 miles northward from West Antarctica  towards South America. Another mountain range, the  Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, rises almost 9,000 feet above sea level over a 750-mile expanse in East Antarctica. These mountains, however, are covered by several thousand feet of ice. Radar imaging reveals sharp peaks and low valleys with topography comparable to the European Alps. The East Antarctic Ice Sheet has encased the mountains and protected them from erosion rather than smoothing them into glacial valleys. Glacial Activity Glaciers affect not only the topography of Antarctica but also its underlying geology. The weight of ice in West Antarctica literally pushes the bedrock down, depressing low-lying areas below sea level. Seawater near the edge of the ice sheet creeps between the rock and glacier, causing the ice to move much faster towards the sea. Antarctica is completely surrounded by an ocean, allowing sea ice to greatly expand in winter. Ice normally covers around 18 million square miles at the September maximum (its winter) and decreases to 3 million square miles during the February minimum (its summer).  NASAs Earth Observatory has a nice side-by-side graphic comparing the maximum and minimum sea ice cover of the past 15 years. Antarctica is almost a geographic opposite of the Arctic, which is an ocean semi-enclosed by landmasses. These surrounding landmasses inhibit sea ice mobility, causing it to pile up into high and thick ridges during the winter. Come summer, these thick ridges stay frozen longer. The Arctic retains around 47 percent (2.7 of 5.8 million square miles) of its ice during warmer months. The extent of Antarcticas sea ice has increased by approximately one percent per decade since 1979 and reached record-breaking levels in 2012 to 2014. These gains do not make up for diminishing sea ice in the Arctic, however, and global sea ice continues to disappear at a rate of 13,500 square miles (larger than the state of Maryland) per year.

The Gold Affect And Effect - 1308 Words

The Gold affect and effect It’s the beginning of the end of the world: outrageous 5p carrier bag charges, a horrendous new layout of snapchat, extortionate 2p increases of Freddo bars and the sickening new shape of Toblerone bars. But now it’s gone a step too far. The Hollywood power couple, Brangelina have split. How can humanity live our everyday lives with this catastrophic news? Although exaggerated, the above is just as hyperbolic as the number of innocent athletes accused of taking performance enhancing drugs– which could be the end of some athletes’ careers. The 2016 Olympic games saw around 11,200 athletes, 366 of which were Team GB, battle their way to the reach the top of the podium in individual and team events. Despite†¦show more content†¦However, when looking at the released records, none of the athletes actually broken the law – it just seems that way due to the media taking its information out of context by seeing the word â€Å"banned† and presuming it’s a PED, as well as the original records being changed by the deceiving hackers. Which not right to do, as athletes with Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) have permission to take these banned drugs due to their medical and have been tested, rigorously, to ensure there are no other alternatives. Something which the majority public may be unfamiliar with these medical terms. But, after many months, the media have conflated together PEDs and TUEs, tricking us into believing that TUEs are the same as PEDs. To understand the power of rumours in the media one only needs to look at the case of Mo Farah – the 2012 and Rio Olympic game’s gold medallist, track superstar and one of Britain’s greatest ever athlete. However, despite his great amount of success and the sense of pride he has given us, speculation around Farah started when his previous coaches were investigated for doping offences. The media then cleverly sussed out the truth of the situation and pointed towards Mo Farah – suggesting he was doping. Never once considering that he was innocent and won his medals fairly. A furious Farah was then forced into doing press conference after press conference to clean himself (and his reputation) from the media’s muck. In a heated interview with aShow MoreRelatedPrice Elasticity of Gold852 Words   |  4 PagesPrice Elasticity of Gold Group name: In-Demand The general inverse relationship between price and demand is a key fundamental in economics. A rise in price is known to shrink demand and vice versa. However, another important factor in economics is the price elasticity of demand, which can be interpreted as the percentage change in demand relative to the percentage change in price. Basic goods tend to be of low elasticity, thus the change in price has little effect on demand, while luxury goodsRead More Marijuana Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesgood in the nation and a ten billion-dollar industry has nothing to do with the agriculture we are use to. This good is Marijuana, an illegal drug. It is the most widely used illicit drug in America n(Gold v). In Florida alone, marijuana sales are greater than all businesses except tourism (Gold v). What is marijuana? Marijuana, a plant, known as Cannabis Sativa, labeled that by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753 (Grinspoon 1), is one of natures hardiest specimens (Abel ix). It can survive in any clim aticRead MoreEmpirical Relationship between the Price of Gold and Three Other Variables1221 Words   |  5 Pages Gold is a type of precious metal with many excellent characteristics. It’s popularly used to decorate luxurious jewelries. With the improving standard of living and increasing income, people consume demand more and more gold. Because its unique physical properties of gold, it’s also widely used in modern high-tech industries such as electronics, telecommunications, aerospace, chemical and so forth. In the history, gold has been used as measure of value, means of circulation, means of paymentRead MoreThe Gold Mining Industry in South Africa Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesGold mining in South Africa has a large impact on the environment, the economy and social structure in South Africa. The environmental impact of gold mining on the environment includes water, air and noise pollution. The mining industry in South Africa is one of the largest in the world. It provides jobs for hundreds of thousands of people in the mining industry alone. The mining industry also indirectly provides jobs for about 400 000 with the goods and services that the mines require to run successfullyRead MoreGold Mining in Australia727 Words   |  3 PagesWhen did gold mining begin in Australia? Gold has been rumoured that it was found in Australian as early as 1814, however, the first gold fields did not appear until thirty years later. Gold was found in Australia many decades before the Goldrush. The first discovery of gold was actually in New South Wales, in May 1851 by Edward Hargreaves. In fact, this was a tentative start to the Goldrush. Gold was commonly found only in New South Wales and Victoria in the days. How was gold mined? (Now and then)Read MoreGold and Its Demand1041 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Gold and Its Demand Gold and Its Demand In the year 2008, the prices of gold fell down to $9oo from $1,035. This was a drastic downfall in the price of gold in 2008 and this has directly affected investors in a number of ways. The investors suffered losses of large margin and in addition to this, many of the investors had paid from ten to fifty percent of the deposits of their shares and when a downfall occurred in the prices of gold, many of the investors lost almost whole amountRead MoreThe Test Of Multicollinearity Test And Then Generating The First Difference Variables1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most significant variable at 0.1%, which indicates that the investors choose silver over gold to diversify their portfolio and the movement have impacted the gold futures prices as no investor will invest in both gold and silver together. Since, the OLS model is the log-linear model, so we can interpret the estimates of the silver as a unit change in the silver contract prices will increase the gold prices by close to $1. Another variable that is significant is the SP 500 stock index. It’sRead MoreCalfornia Gold Rush in San Francisco Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia Gold Rush The California Gold Rush one of the biggest events in the U.S History. The Gold Rush was when gold was found by James .W. Marshall in 1848 in San Francisco, California. When this happened, emotions sparked in San Francisco (main site for the Gold Rush). The word spread so quickly that people from all around the Unites States flooded into San Francisco and causing overpopulation(â€Å"California Gold Rush†). In 6 years during the Gold Rush, the population increased by almost 36Read MoreCas9 System1740 Words   |  7 Pagesaddresses the dire need for a non-viral delivery vehicle that is both effective and clinically safe (Lee et al., 2017). Lee et al. (2017) discovered that gold nanoparticles (GNPs) can be used in-vivo to deliver Cas9 RNP and donor DNA while simultaneously inducing HDR. This new vehicle delivery system, which the researchers named CRISPR-Gold, begins as a complex of Cas9, thiol DNA, gRNA, and donor DNA, bound to a central GNP. This complex is coated with an endosomal disruptive polymer poly(N-(N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl)Read MoreThe Effects Of New Plants, Animals, And Technologies Altered The Natural ( Physical ) Environment Of North America1306 Words   |  6 PagesCrops that were introduced include sugar, coffee, wheat, and rice. These plants were new to the native people and animals, so some adjustment was required. 2. Explain the effects the altering of the environment had on various groups in the colonial period. Think native people and European colonizers (farming practices) The effects of altering the environment were substantial for Native Americans in the colonial period. There were a considerate amount of changes, some of them proving to be quite favorable

The Waste Land By T.S. Eliot Essay Example For Students

The Waste Land By T.S. Eliot Essay SPEECH/LANGUAGE (I)In the poem, The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot gives a primarily positive connotation by using the theme of speech, language, and failure of speech. In each of the sections, Eliot shows how speech and communication are important in life. He also shows that speech cannot always accomplish what actions can. The way the characters in the poem use speech show that speech and communication are important. A Game of Chess This section may be the best example of communication in the whole poem. While many of the other themes are present, the main part of this section deal with the interaction between two people, in two different places. Although at first these conversations seem to be very fruitless and unproductive, at the end it is revealed that what was trying to beaccomplished by the conversations happens anyway. The first part of A Game of Chess tells of a man and a woman having dinner. A very elaborate description of the dinner scene, the woman, and the sights and smells that fill the room. After dinner to woman tries to engage the man in conversation but to no avail. As she continues to get more frustrated with and his unwillingness to answer her questions, it would seem Eliot is showing how speech and communication do not accomplish their intended goals. The woman keeps asking the man what he wants to do after dinner, but only his thoughts are revealed to thereader, he does not respond to the woman. Eventually after the womans tiring effort to get a response they still end up taking a carriage ride and playing a game of chess. So while the woman thought that she was getting no where with him, she actually achieved exactly what she wanted. In this sense a transformation occurs from the point in which the woman thought that she was getting no where to the point where she realized that he ha d been listening the whole time, and she still got to do what she wanted to do. The second part of this section tells of two women whos husbands are off to war. One is telling the other that she should try to make herself look good for her husband upon his return. She insists that she has no reason for looking good and that she does not want anymore kidsanyway. The woman eventually get fed up with her ignorance and says that her husband may leave her if she does not change for him. Here it seems that communication is also pointless because no matter how much the woman tries to change the others mind she stillrefuses to change. When the husbands do finally return though, they are still happy to see their wives and the section ends with good night, ladies which shows that the husbands were happy to see their wives no matter what they looked like. The same transformation occurs here aswell. In the beginning the conversation seems to be going nowhere but what was trying to get accomplished still does. What the Thunder Said This final section talks about the salvatio n of the Waste Land. This dry arid place must have water to go on existing and to change from the state that it is in now. The thunder can be heard from beyond the mountain but it is not coming over into the valley to save the Waste Land. A story is told of a woman who plays a violin with a strand of her hair as a bow. This music brings singing from the empty cisterns and wells of the land, and eventually it is this womans song which brings the rains to the Waste Land. Although it is not speech, this is a form of communication, and it shows the importance of it. The song is the salvation of the Waste Land. When the rains finally come, the thunder speaks with the voice of the gods. It repeats over and over the word Da, which comes from the Upanishads. It can be translated in three different ways by the gods, man, or demons. This shows that while one thing is said it can beinterpreted in many ways depending upon the listener. No matter how it is interpreted though, the thunder and its voice have renewed this arid place. Once more Eliot shows that communication is the key to keeping the world from becoming a Waste Land, and that it is the only thing that can save it. All these examples from each section show how Eliot us es speech and failure of speech to give the image of the poem a positive connotation. The way that Eliot presents this theme in the poem is positive because he shows that speech and communication are important. .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .postImageUrl , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:hover , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:visited , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:active { border:0!important; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:active , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality EssayPoetry Essays

Meg Whitmans Experience at eBay, Inc

Meg Whitman is CEO of eBay, Inc. The particular approaches to developing strategies and her leadership qualities made Whitman one of the most successful CEOs in the market world. Meg Whitman’s leadership depends on the effective combination of methods discussed by Kotter as the ways to create the major change within the company. Whitman contributed to the development of eBay, Inc. with references to using the efficient planning and marketing strategies.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Meg Whitman’s Experience at eBay, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kotter developed the Eight Step Process for Creating Major Change, and Meg Whitman followed all the steps during her integrating process into the company’s culture. Thus, the focus on changing the environment in relation to using the eight-step model can be discussed as more effective in comparison with the usage of the strategies to pro mote the company’s rapid growth. The strategy can be followed successfully when the guiding coalition is created. Whitman demonstrated her abilities as the effective leader and focused on the slow development of the working team. For example, Meg Whitman used the pattern developed in the company in relation to team-building process previously and improved it basing on the ideas of unity of internal and external community cultures along with encouraging and empowering employees to provide their own opinions and recommendations. Furthermore, Whitman decided to integrate into the company’s culture conducting frequent meetings where the team could solve the issues and interact effectively. To direct the change effort, Whitman proposed the radical vision as the main goal of the company. She stated that it is important to become the world’s largest person-to-person trading company which operates online. From this point, the long-term perspective became focused on the proclaimed vision. To achieve the vision, Whitman developed strategies to work on such issues as the market and brand positioning. That is why, the frequent meetings helped communicate the new vision of the company’s development. Whitman focused on the effective communication between the participants of the team using senior managers as role models to demonstrate the elements of behaviors expected from the other employees. Empowering broad-based action, Whitman changed the structure of the organization. Whitman started to work in the engineering-driven organization. To achieve the significant progress, it was necessary to change the structure of the organization with references to the increasing number of employees. Thus, the organization’s structure was later divided into units or departments.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To generate short-term wins an d achieve visible improvements, Whitman concentrated on developing a strategy for the company’s investment, on defining the marketing strategy, and on preparing eBay Inc. for IPO during the first weeks of working in the company. The further wins of the company were associated with overcoming the controversial issue of selling firearms by eBay Inc. To respond to the community’s expectations, it was necessary to improve the working strategies. The further consolidation of gains and production of more changes was based on supporting the principles of the community’s safety and on developing the partnership relations with many companies, including AOL and Butterfield Butterfield. Thus, the company focused on the ethical principles of selling to contribute to the community’s safety. Furthermore, the company’s promotion was based on the cooperation with AOL and developed advertising strategies. The increase in profits was connected with Butterfield But terfield’s strategy in relation to eBay Inc. Having hired experienced managers and legal councils, Whitman achieved not only short-term goals but also the main vision of the company. This case study on Meg Whitman’s Experience at eBay, Inc was written and submitted by user Wolver-dok to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Internal Determinants of Attraction

The way people look at the world plays an essential role in determining how they see themselves. Therefore, the way that people look at the world is treated as an ever-changing circle of inspiration (Schiffenbauer 275). It has been observed that depressed people are never interested in getting in touch with the positive side of life like it is the case with happy people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Determinants of Attraction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also evident that if a person is exposed to a household that is violent, abusive, or overly restrictive, the person has high chances of getting stressed (Singh 294). This paper will, therefore, illustrate attribution and analyze how internal determinants of attraction influence how a person makes decisions on who to get attracted. Attribution is a critical theory which influences the behavior of people and how they relate with each other. It is essential in that it tries to explain the behavior of an individual and how the behaviors of other people influence his conduct (Lo 1949). The attribute is, therefore, an inference about why a person behaves in a particular manner. For a person to adequately explain his behavior and the behavior of his friends and relatives, it is crucial for him to assign attributes to his behaviors and the behaviors of his friends and relatives. These behaviors play an essential role in enabling him to determine whether he will have a positive attraction to himself or other people around him (Nowicki and Blumberg 50). Kausel and Slaughterb stipulate that the two different types of behavior in people are influenced by either internal or external factors (5). For example, there are instances when a person may walk into his boss’s office, and his boss might tell him in an angry tone that he does not wish to be disturbed (Rose, Larkin and Hands 574). From an external point of view, one migh t argue that the boss is a nice guy and that he is being overwhelmed by stress. However, an internal explanation might refer to the boss as a rude person and that he is always angry all the time (Singh 296). There are very many factors which influence how people assign attributes to the behavior of people. They depend on how people portray themselves. These, in turn, influence the kind of attitude that people develop towards a specific person (Highhouse, Thornbury and Little 135). Attitudes are critical in shaping the degree of attraction a person may have towards another person.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been observed that a person is normally attracted to certain people and not others (Lo 1949). For example, in the case of friends, a person sees as if his friends are all similar to him in a particular way. This is although his friends are different in the way they beha ve (Schiffenbauer 276). For example, some of a person’s friends might be well mannered while others might be ill-mannered. A person might, however, be unable to distinguish between his best friends among his two categories of friends. Stockdale, therefore, asks what makes a person to choose his friends (192). Berry, on the other hand, stipulates that social psychology and a person’s beliefs play a very important part in influencing the kind of friends that a person chooses and gets attracted to (276). Several reasons have been attributed to why people get attracted to other people. White says that proximity is an essential determinant of why people develop an attraction towards each other (56). For example, it is true that many people live close to each other or they have at one time lived close to each other when their friendship was developing (Berry 279). Friendship and attraction develop after a person gets to know the other person. Therefore, the closer these two people are, the closer they get towards achieving this goal. It has been observed that people who have at one time lived closer to each other or who live close to each other tend to be more attracted to each other especially when they find themselves in a new place where they are surrounded by strangers (White 57). For example, in the case of those people who are assigned seats in a classroom, most of their friends tend to be those whose last names start with the same letter (Nowicki and Blumberg 50). The different fields that people engage in making them relate with each other and determine whether they can get attracted to each other (Lo 1948). For example, two people can meet in a class that they enjoy. In this case, the two people would be highly attracted to each other because they are brought together by a common course. In case a person encounters other people in a class that he does not like or attends a class which he does not understand anything, chances are that if he mee ts another person who he enjoys the same classes with, he would be more attracted to him as opposed to the person that he meets in the class that he does not enjoy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Determinants of Attraction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Singh also points out that similarity determines whether a person would be attracted to another party (297). For example, in the case of a class that a person does not like, he would be attracted to the person who also shows negative feelings to the class because they would be sharing a common feeling. Reciprocal attractiveness also determines whether a person will be attracted to a particular person (Kausel and Slaughterb 10). White points out that people tend to like those people who like them too. People, therefore, need to understand that every person likes to feel likable. Whenever a person likes somebody, who does not like him back, the feeling of attraction begins to fade away (Stockdale 200). Also, if a person feels good when he is around a particular person, he develops a higher level of attraction towards that person. This, therefore, means that if a person wishes other people to get attracted to him, he must also be attracted to them. Physical attractiveness determines how people choose their friends (Singh 300). Although this is not a very significant determinant of attraction, most people tend to choose people who they believe are attractive and who are also close enough to notice their attractiveness as well. Berry stipulates that it is a common occurrence to see beautiful people hanging around other attractive people. It has also been noted that many physically active young women tend to be more attracted to wealthy men (Kausel and Slaughterb 10). This is true because most people tend to assign â€Å"attraction point† or â€Å"social assets† to everyone they meet. These social assets comprise of phys ical attractiveness, education, sense of humor, and education (Nowicki and Blumberg 52). These imply that if a person is educated, he will be attracted to those people who are also educated. In the case of wealth, a wealthy person gets attracted to other people who have more money. It is true therefore that people rate their attraction potential on social assets. Works Cited Berry, Diane. â€Å"Attractiveness, attraction, and sexual selection: Evolutionary perspectives on the form and function of physical attractiveness.† Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 32.1 (2004): 273-342. PrintAdvertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Highhouse, Scott, Erin Thornbury, and Ian Little. â€Å"Social-identity functions of attraction to organizations.† Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 103.1 (2007): 134-136. Print Kausel, Edgar and Jerel Slaughterb. â€Å"Narrow personality traits and organizational attraction: Evidence for the complementary hypothesis.† Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 114.1 (2011): 3-14. Print Lo, Shao-Kang. â€Å"The Impact of Online Game Character’s Outward Attractiveness and Social Status on Interpersonal Attraction.† Computers in Human Behavior 24.5 (2008): 1947-1948. Print Nowicki, Stephen and Neil Blumberg. â€Å"The role of locus of control of reinforcement in interpersonal attraction.† Journal of Research in Personality 9.1 (2004): 48-56. Print Rose, Elizabeth, Dawne Larkin, and Beth Hands. â€Å"Evidence for the validity of the Children’s Attraction to Physical Activity questionnaire (CAPA) with young children .† Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12.5 (2009): 573-578. Print Schiffenbauer, Allen. â€Å"Physical distance and attraction: An intensification effect.† Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 12.3 (2004): 274-282. Print Singh, Ramadhar. â€Å"Reinforcement and attraction specifying the effects of affective states.† Journal of Research in Personality 8.3 (2004): 294-305. Print Stockdale, Janet. â€Å"Crowding: Determinants and Effects.† Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 11.1 (2008): 192-247. Print White, Gregory. â€Å"Misattribution of arousal and attraction: Effects of the salience of explanations for arousal.† Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 20.1 (2004): 55-64. Print This essay on Internal Determinants of Attraction was written and submitted by user Landen Savage to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History of Domestication for Broomcorn Millet

The History of Domestication for Broomcorn Millet Broomcorn or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), also known as proso millet, panic millet, and wild millet, is today primarily considered a weed suitable for bird seed. But it contains more protein than most other grains, is high in minerals and easily digested, and has a pleasant nutty taste. Millet can be ground up into flour for bread or used as a grain in recipes as a replacement for buckwheat, quinoa or rice. Broomcorn History Broomcorn was a seed grain used by hunter-gatherers in China at least as long ago as 10,000 years. It was first domesticated in China, probably in the Yellow River valley, about 8000 BP, and spread outward from there into Asia, Europe, and Africa. Although the ancestral form of the plant has not been identified, a weedy form native to the region called P. m. subspecies ruderale) is still found throughout Eurasia. Broomcorn domestication is believed to have taken place about 8000 BP. Stable isotope studies of human remains at sites such as Jiahu, Banpo, Xinglongwa, Dadiwan, and Xiaojingshan suggest that while millet agriculture was present ca 8000 BP, it did not become a dominant crop until about a thousand years later, during the Middle Neolithic (Yangshao). Evidence for Broomcorn Broomcorn remains which suggest a highly developed millet-based agriculture have been found at several sites associated with Middle Neolithic (7500-5000 BP) cultures including the Peiligang culture in Henan province, the Dadiwan culture of Gansu province and the Xinle culture in Liaoning province. The Cishan site, in particular, had more than 80 storage pits filled with millet husk ashes, totaling an estimated 50 tons of millet. Stone tools associated with millet agriculture include tongue-shaped stone shovels, chisel-edged sickles and stone grinders. A stone millstone and grinder was recovered from the early Neolithic Nanzhuangtou site dated to 9000 BP. By 5000 BC, broomcorn millet was flourishing west of the Black Sea, where there are at least 20 published sites with archaeological evidence for the crop, such as the Gomolava site in the Balkans. The earliest evidence in central Eurasia is from the site of Begash in Kazakhstan, where direct-dated millet seeds date to ca 2200 cal BC. Recent Archaeology Studies of Broomcorn Recent studies comparing the differences of grains a broomcorn millet from archaeological sites often vary a great deal, making them difficult to identify in some contexts. Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute and colleagues reported in 2012 that millet seeds are smaller in response to environmental factors, but relative size also can reflect immaturity of the grain. depending on charring temperature, immature grains can be preserved, and such size variation should not rule out identification as broomcorn. Broomcorn millet seeds were recently found at the central Eurasian site of Begash, Kazakhstan, and Spengler et al. (2014) argue that this represents evidence for the transmission of broomcorn outside of China and into the broader world. See also Lightfoot, Liu and Jones for an interesting article on the isotopic evidence for millet across Eurasia. Sources and Further Information Bettinger RL, Barton L, and Morgan C. 2010. The origins of food production in north China: A different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19(1):9-21.Bumgarner, Marlene Anne. 1997. Millet. Pp. 179-192 in The New Book of Whole Grains. Macmillan, New York.Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010.Hu, Yaowu, et al. 2008 Stable isotope analysis of humans from Xiaojingshan site: implications for understanding the origin of millet agriculture in China. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(11):2960-2965.Jacob J, Disnar J-R, Arnaud F, Chapron E, Debret M, Lallier-Vergà ¨s E, Desmet M, and Revel-Rolland M. 2008. Millet cultivation history in the French Alps as evidenced by a sedimentary molecule. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):814-820.Jones, Martin K. and Xinli Liu 2009 Origins of Agricul ture in East Asia. Science 324:730-731. Lightfoot E, Liu X, and Jones MK. 2013. Why move starchy cereals? A review of the isotopic evidence for prehistoric millet consumption across Eurasia. World Archaeology 45(4):574-623. doi: 10.1080/00438243.2013.852070Lu, Tracey L.-D. 2007 Mid-Holocene climate and cultural dynamics in eastern Central China. Pp. 297-329 in Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene Transitions, edited by D. G. Anderson, K.A. Maasch and D.H. Sandweiss. Elsevier: London.Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute G, Hunt H, and Jones M. 2012. Experimental approaches to understanding variation in grain size in Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) and its relevance for interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(1):69-77.Pearsall, Deborah M.2008 Plant domestication. Pp. 1822-1842 In Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Edited by D. M. Pearsall. Elsevier, Inc., London.Song J, Zhao Z, and Fuller DQ. 2013. The archaeobotanical significance of immature millet grains: an experimental case study of Chinese millet crop processing. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):141-152. Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382USDA. Panicum millaceum (broomcorn millet) Accessed 05/08/2009.Yan, Wenming. 2004. The Cradle of Eastern Civilization. pp 49-75 In Yang, Xiaoneng. 2004. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past (vol 1). Yale University Press, New Haven Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is an important grain crop in the world today, thought to have been domesticated from the wild species green foxtail (S. viridis) at least 11,000 calendar years ago (cal BP) in northern China. Grown world-wide, foxtail millet is cultivated as a dietary staple in arid and semiarid regions of China and India. Nearly 1,000 diverse foxtail millet varieties exist in the world today, including both traditional landraces and modern cultivars. Unfortunately, its smaller size, relative to rice and broomcorn millet, may have led to a lower chance of preservation in the archaeological record, and it wasnt until modern flotation methods were used in excavations that foxtail seeds were regularly recovered. Data for the origin sites is still limited, and ongoing research is studying the points of origin as well as foxtails fairly rapid spread. Domestication of Foxtail Scholars agree that incipient, low-level millet agriculture began about 8,700 cal BP in the upland foothill sandy deserts along the upper Yellow Rivera recent identification of millet starch grains has pushed the likely date back to 11,000 cal BP (see Yang et al. 2012). The theory is that specialized hunter-gatherers experiencing increasing climatic instability began tending plants to provide a stable food source. Why Foxtail? Foxtail millet has a short growing season and an innate ability to tolerate cold and arid climates. These characteristics lend themselves to adaptation in different and difficult environments, and in Neolithic contexts, foxtail is often found as a package with paddy rice. Researchers argue that by the 6000 cal BP, foxtail was been planted either alongside rice during the summer seasons, or planted in the fall as a late season supplement after the rice harvests were collected. Either way, foxtail would have acted as a hedge for the riskier but more nutritious rice crops. Flotation-supported studies (such as Lee et al) have shown that the arid- and cool-adapted foxtail was dominant in the Yellow River valley beginning about 8,000 years ago (Peiligang culture) and remained dominant throughout the Neolithic into the early Shang Dynasty (Erligang, 1600-1435 BC), roughly 4,000 years. Agricultural systems based entirely on millet were present in the foothills of western Sichuan province and the Tibetan Plateau by 3500 BC, and evidence from central Thailand suggests that the millet moved in first before rice: the terrain in these places is quite steep, and the terraced paddies seen there today are much more recent. Archaeological Evidence Early sites with evidence for foxtail millet include Nanzhuangtou (starch grains, 11,500 cal BP), Donghulin (starch grains, 11.0-9,500 cal BP), Cishan (8,700 cal BP), Xinglonggou (8,000-7,500 cal BP), in Inner Mongolia; Yeuzhuang in the lower Yellow River (7870 cal BP), and Chengtoushan in the Yangtze River (ca. 6000 cal BP). The best data concerning foxtail millet comes from Dadiwan, where over the next 1,000 years (a very brief gestation stage for agriculture), foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and rice developed into intensive agriculture. Called the Laoguantai food production system, this hunter-gatherer adaptation required the reduction of mobility, and the fragmenting into small groups adapted to plant use, storage and tending. Eventually, at the start of the Banpo period (6800-5700 cal BP), millet agriculture developed into an intensive pattern with settled, larger populations. Millet spread into the southwestern China highlands as a package with rice, both plants having the characteristics of versatility and capacity for intensification. Sources Bettinger R, Barton L, and Morgan C. 2010. The origins of food production in north China: A different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19(1):9-21.d’Alpoim Guedes J. 2011. Millets, Rice, Social Complexity, and the Spread of Agriculture to the Chengdu Plain and Southwest China. Rice 4(3):104-113.d’Alpoim Guedes J, Jiang M, He K, Wu X, and Jiang Z. 2013. Site of Baodun yields earliest evidence for the spread of rice and foxtail millet agriculture to south-west China. Antiquity 87(337):758-771.Jia G, Huang X, Zhi H, Zhao Y, Zhao Q, Li W, Chai Y, Yang L, Liu K, Lu H et al. 2013. A haplotype map of genomic variations and genome-wide association studies of agronomic traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Nature Genetics 45(8):957-961.Jones MK, and Liu X. 2009. Origins of Agriculture in East Asia. Science 324:730-731.Lee G-A, Crawford GW, Liu L, and Chen X. 2007. Plants and people from the Early Neolithic to Shang period s in North China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(3):1087-1092. Nasu H, Gu H-B, Momohara A, and Yasuda Y. 2012. Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site, central China, reconstructed from weed seed assemblages. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4(1):1-14.Song J, Zhao Z, and Fuller DQ. 2013. The archaeobotanical significance of immature millet grains: an experimental case study of Chinese millet crop processing. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):141-152.Wang C, Jia G, Zhi H, Niu Z, Chai Y, Li W, Wang Y, Li H, Lu P, Zhao B et al.   2012. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Chinese Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] Landraces. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 2(7):769-777.Yang X, Wan Z, Perry L, Lu H, Wang Q, Zhao C, Li J, Xie F, Yu J, Cui T et al. 2012. Early millet use in northern China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(10):3726-3730.Zhang G, Liu X, Quan Z, Cheng S, Xu X, Pan S, Xie M, Zeng P, Yue Z, Wang W et al. 2012. Genome sequence of foxtail millet ( Setaria italica) provides insights into grass evolution and biofuel potential. Nature Biotechnology 30(6):549-554. Zhao Z. 2011. New Archaeobotanic Data for the Study of the Origins of Agriculture in China. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S295-S306.

Interview a manger with regard to the various managerial functions Essay - 1

Interview a manger with regard to the various managerial functions - Essay Example According to Taylor, Nikesh has several managerial functions that include planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Nikesh is tasked with setting out plans of actions in order to attain the pre-determined organisational goals. Together with other executives, he prepares the strategic plans and operational plans for the entire organisation. Nikeshy is also tasked with organizing function in the company. For instance, he is tasked with providing personnel, raw materials and an organisational structure that contributes to the success of the organisation. He designs the job descriptions and creates reporting relationships within the organisation. According to Fayol’s commanding function, Nikesh is tasked with ensuring optimum utilization of human capital in the organisation. In this function, he delegates responsibilities and inspires the employees towards the attainment of the organisational goal. In the coordinating function, Nikesh is responsible for unify ing and harmonization of all activities and resources in the organisation (Williams 54). For instance, he coordinates the new product development and sales department in order to ensure that new products meet the changing customer needs. He is responsible for the creation of harmonious and coordinated working teams and groups in the organisation. The last managerial function of Nikesh according to Fayol is controlling function. He is responsible for evaluating the attainment of organisational goals. He evaluates the degree of conformity to organisational policies and attainment of budgeted financial performance (Williams 53). Nikesh Arora aspires to the interviewee since he has contributed highly to increased profitability and market share of Google. Nikesh has the management experience at this position since he has previously worked in a multicultural environment and other markets such as Europe and Africa. Nikesh has also