Business paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business paper - Essay Example This may most likely assistance me in satisfying my vocation dreams and objectives of life. Along these lines, profession systems should be conscious. The best organization that I know is Exxon. The most exceptional thing about this association is that, the administration follows majority rule or participative style and wants each worker to introduce their thoughts and perspectives in the conversation. The methodologies of Exxon are very clear and characterized for the workers. Then again, the most exceedingly terrible organization is Hertz. It works on rental armadas and the uncommonly most exceedingly awful thing is that the upper administration of the association is distant thus presents ridiculous objectives (Ketchen and Short, 2013). The vision of the college is to get one of the top-most universities in the globe. To do as such, it likewise wants to open various branches in shifted portions of the world. What's more, the crucial the college is to introduce high-caliber of coaching’s to its understudies with the goal that they may achieve a more promising time to come in future day. Along these lines, it is simple and easy to comprehend. As an individual from the understudy body of the college, I see the vision and crucial incredibly fascinating and rousing. This is on the grounds that it generally attempts to enroll experienced resources in order to introduce subjective lessons to the understudies. That may demonstrate compelling for the understudies in satisfying their future dreams. Triple main concern components incorporate three components: Economic effect, ecological stewardship and social obligation. The statement of purpose of Whole Foods (WF) is â€Å"to advance the vivacity and prosperity of the considerable number of clients by introducing the best nature of healthy grains and food stuffs†. Thusly, it means to situate itself as a global brand thus the best food retailer on the planet. WF accepts to introduce supportable development, better condition, network citizenship and trustworthiness in every single proficient connection (Ketchen and Short, 2013). Hazard taking-the

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The American College of Sports Medicine’s wellness pattern study for 2011 comprised of data from the wellbeing and wellness industry just as the assessments of experts who right now worked in the field. The study urged its respondents to make the significant qualification between a â€Å"fad† and a â€Å"trend† (Thompson, 2010). This overview comprises of patterns as opposed to crazes a pattern is a drawn out change in the manner individuals carry on. A prevailing fashion then again is a momentary style that is taken up with solid sentiment of dynamic intrigue however just for a concise period. Evaluating new exercise methods and work out schedules can urge and rouse individuals to participate in physical movement. The ACSM directed its first wellness review in 2006 for the anticipated patterns of 2007 this was the soonest exertion in building up a deliberate method to foresee the eventual fate of the wellbeing and wellness industry (Thompson, 2010). There were three continuous overviews led to recognize wellness patterns for the year 2008, 2009 and 2010. The reviews estimated wellbeing and wellness slants in different parts of the business which comprised of business (for-benefit), (clinical wellness), network (not-for-benefit) and corporate areas (Thompson, 2010). The 2011 study comprised of 31 possible patterns which was six lesser than the past 2010 review. The number was less in light of the fact that the respondents whined about the length of the overview. The 31 things were planned utilizing a Likert-type scale extending from 1-10 the low score of 1 (less inclined to be a pattern) and 10 (well on the way to be a pattern) (Thompson, 2010). The underlying advance in this examination was to accumulate the entirety of the reactions and spot them all together from the most group satisfying pattern to the least well known pattern. The r... ...ed because of cost. Projects that were viewed as expensive, for example, Pilates and indoor cycling are no longer in the main 20. The consequences of the 2014 overview predicts that more individuals will be participating in high-power interim preparing (HIT) this was the trend’s debut year. This was offered as a potential pattern in past overviews however never made it to the best 20. This pattern is all the more speaking to shoppers since it requires some investment permitting individuals to participate in other day by day duties. Another practical pattern additionally making its introduction in the review is body weight preparing which utilizes almost no gear which assists with holding cost down. Shoppers are likewise captivating in bunch individual preparing which comprises of at least two individuals being prepared by one individual coach all together set aside cash. In light of these expectations the new pattern for wellness buyers is to set aside time and cash.

Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications Free Essays

Name: Ali Hussain Al-Attas Date: 15/10/2011 Cause Effect Junk Food Prevalence and its Physical and Mental Implications Introduction: An examination directed of late, indicated that lousy nourishment influences the capacity and structure of the cerebrum which could change peoples’ conduct, particularly that of youngsters. By definition, low quality nourishment is pre-arranged nourishment that has low healthy benefit and is high in calories. The point of this paper is to investigate the reasons for low quality nourishment pervasiveness and its physical and mental impacts. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lousy nourishment Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Passage 1: Causes: Abundance and Advertisements: Lousy nourishment has gotten mainstream among individuals attributable to its availability, taste, cost and solid media publicizing. It’s hard to track down an area, or even a road, without a drive-through joint. Measurements show that the quantity of these cafés significantly increased in the most recent decade. A case of promotion is putting shocks, free toys, with each â€Å"happy meal† to pull in youngsters. The ascent of the quantity of drive-thru eatery prompts an expansion in its physical and mental dangers. Section 2: Effects: Physical Implications: Shoddy nourishment physical risks of can be extensively classified into two gatherings. The first is the prompt impact, to be specific, heftiness that presents wellbeing dangers. In 2005, an investigation led by NIH discovered higher paces of heftiness in secondary schools with close by drive-thru eateries. As indicated by an investigation did on general instruction understudies in Saudi Arabia, the pace of heftiness among the individuals who every now and again eat inexpensive food is 38. 20%, while the rate is 19. 43% among those eating just a single supper seven days. Another examination uncovered that around one out of four (or 23. 6%) of Saudi grown-ups are named corpulent. The subsequent gathering is the distal impacts. Being overweight and can build the odds of getting ceaseless ailments. The OSG called attention to that basically getting large, with more than 30 BMI, raises the probability of creating numerous infections including cardiovascular failure, stroke and scarcely any kinds of malignant growth. A 14-year imminent investigation indicated men matured 40 to 65 years with a BMI more than 29 had a 72% expanded danger of getting nonfatal or lethal coronary illness. Plainly, there are immediate and backhanded associations between lousy nourishment and various physical sicknesses. Passage 3: Effects: Mental Implications: Also, Junk nourishment brings about intense subject matters, for example, hyperactivity, and misery. What it does is that it changes the request for the mind. An ongoing report, led at 2010, uncovered that it raises the danger of discouragement by 55%. Another examination, included 80 members, indicated that a drop out of resentment, animosity and discouragement came about because of supplanting it with progressively solid nourishment. It additionally influences the instructive fulfillment of understudies by discharging hormones that cause a halfway psyche idleness. From that, it tends to be construed that there is a solid connection between devouring lousy nourishment and a few social issues. End: This paper showed the spread of shoddy nourishment as a significant factor for some physical and mental issues. Expending lousy nourishment has direct ramifications, for example, heftiness. Moreover, it drives in a roundabout way to various incessant illnesses. Moreover, it changes peoples’ conduct and causes enthusiastic diseases e. g. animosity and sadness. Be that as it may, it still broadly spread due to the solid notice and hardly any minor reasons. The attention to this issue is on the expansion, however the peril despite everything exists, and governments and authority associations need to plan something for decrease these dangers. The most effective method to refer to Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications, Essays

Iguana Facts Habitat, Behavior, Diet

There are over 30 species of iguanas which belong to the class Reptilia. Depending on the species, iguanas’ habitats range from swamps and lowlands to deserts and rainforests. Iguanas are organized into nine broader categories of species: the Galapagos marine iguanas, Fiji iguanas, Galapagos land iguanas, thorntail iguanas, spiny-tailed iguanas, rock iguanas, desert iguanas, green iguanas, and chuckwallas. Fast Facts Scientific Name: IguanidaeCommon Names: Common Iguana (for green iguana)Order: SquamataBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: Up to 5 to 7 feet (green iguana) and as small as 5 to 39 inches (spiny-tailed iguana)Weight: Up to 30 pounds (blue iguana)Life Span: 4 to 40 years on average depending on speciesDiet: Fruits, flowers, leaves, insects, and snailsHabitat: Rainforests, lowlands, swamps, desertsPopulation: Roughly 13,000 Fiji iguanas per species; between 3,000 to 5,000 spiny-tailed iguanas per species; 13,000 to 15,000 green iguanas per speciesConservation Status: Least Concern (green iguana), Endangered (Fiji iguanas), Critically Endangered (Fiji crested iguana)Fun Fact: Marine iguanas are excellent swimmers. Description Portrait of iguana sitting on branch. Leigh Thomas / Getty Images Iguanas are cold-blooded, egg-laying animals and are some of the largest lizards found in the Americas. Their size, color, behavior, and unique adaptations vary depending on the species. Some, like the Fiji banded iguana, are bright green with white or light blue bands while others have dull colors. The most abundant and well-known type of iguana is the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Their average size is 6.6 feet, and they weigh up to 11 pounds. Their green color helps camouflage them in undergrowth, and they have a row of spines on their body which function as defense. Rock iguanas have long, straight tails and short, powerful limbs, which helps them climb trees and limestone formations. They have a flap of skin called a dewlap located in the throat area that helps with temperature regulation. Spiny-tailed iguanas are large omnivorous animals, and black spiny-tailed iguanas are the fastest running lizards, reaching speeds of up to 21 mph. Marine iguana feeding on an algae covered rock. Wildestanimal / Getty Images Marine iguanas have black coloration to help warm their bodies after swimming in cold ocean waters. They do not have gills, so they can not breath underwater. However, marine iguanas can hold their breathe underwater for up to 45 minutes. Their flat tails help them swim in a snake-like motion, allowing them to quickly graze on algae for a few minutes before returning to the surface. Their long claws allow them to latch onto the bottom while grazing. Due to their diet and large quantities of salt water consumed, marine iguanas have developed the ability to sneeze excess salt through their salt glands. Habitat and Distribution Depending on the species, iguanas live in a variety of habitats including deserts, rocky regions, swamps, rainforests, and lowlands. Green iguanas are found throughout Mexico down to Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and southern Brazil. The iguana species inhabiting the Caribbean islands are collectively known as the rock iguanas. Desert iguanas are found in the southwestern U.S. and Mexico, while two genera of marine iguanas inhabit the Galapagos Islands. Diet and Behavior Most iguana species are herbivores, eating young leaves, fruits, and flowers. Some eat insects like the wax worm, while marine iguanas dive into the ocean to harvest algae from plants. Some species house bacteria in their digestive systems which allow them to ferment the plant material they eat. Green iguanas are omnivores when they are young but shift to almost entirely herbivorous diets as adults. Young green iguanas eat mostly insects and snails and shift to eating fruits, flowers, and leaves as adults. They have sharp teeth that allow them to shred leaves. Green iguanas also live high in the tree canopy and inhabit higher altitudes as they grow older. Another interesting fact about iguanas is that they can detach their tails when in danger and regrow them later. Reproduction and Offspring Iguanas generally reach the age of sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years and can lay anywhere from 5 to 40 eggs per clutch depending on the species. For green iguanas, males establish mating pairs with females during the rainy season and leave the tree tops to fertilize the eggs during the beginning of the dry season. Most iguana species dig a burrow in sunny areas to lay their eggs inside and cover them. The ideal temperature range for incubation of these eggs is between 77 to 89 degrees Fahrenheit. After 65 to 115 days, depending on the species, these young hatch at the same time. After digging out of their burrows, the newly hatched iguanas begin their lives on their own. Species Fiji crested iguana (Brachylophus vitiensis) on Viti Levu Island, Fiji. It is critically endangered species of iguana found on some Fijian islands. Donyanedomam / Getty Images There are roughly 35 living species of iguanas. The most abundant species is the Common or Green iguana (Iguana iguana). Iguanas are grouped into 9 categories based on their habitats and adaptations: the Galapagos marine iguanas, Fiji iguanas, Galapagos land iguanas, thorntail iguanas, spiny-tailed iguanas, rock iguanas, desert iguanas, green iguanas, and chuckwallas. Threats The Fiji iguanas are an endangered species, with the Fiji crested iguana listed as critically endangered. The biggest factor in the decreasing numbers of Fiji iguanas are predation by feral cats (Felis catus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus) invasive species. Additionally, crested iguanas are critically endangered due to the rapid decrease in their habitat of dry healthy forests in the Fiji Islands. This habitat reduction is due to clearing, burning, and conversion of forests to farmlands. Conservation Status The green iguana is designated as least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). All species of the Fiji iguanas group are designated as endangered according to the IUCN, with the Fiji crested iguana (Brachylophus vitiensis) listed as critically endangered. Iguanas and Humans Green iguanas are the most common reptile pets in the U.S. However, because they are hard to care for, many of these pets die within the first year. In Central and South America, green iguanas are bred on farms and eaten by people. Their eggs are considered a delicacy, often referred to as the â€Å"chicken of the tree.† Sources Green Iguana. National Geographic, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/g/green-iguana/.Green Iguana Facts And Information. Seaworld Parks Entertainment, 2019, https://seaworld.org/animals/facts/reptiles/green-iguana/.Harlow, P., Fisher, R. Grant, T. â€Å"Brachylophus vitiensis†. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2012, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2965/2791620.Iguana. San Diego Zoo, 2019, https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/iguana.Iguana Species. Iguana Specialist Group, 2019, http://www.iucn-isg.org/species/iguana-species/.Lewis, Robert. Iguana. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/animal/iguana-lizard-grouping.

Frankenstein, By Mary Shelley - 1664 Words

The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is one revolving around Victor Frankenstein, a young and brilliant scientist with an almost obsessive fascination with the secret of life. Finally, while working alone in his laboratory one night, he creates what he wanted--a living being out of the organs of a dead man. The monstrous creation at first is gentle and loving, but is soon forced to hide away from society due to humankind’s fear of its appearance. The monster is enraged, and seeks to take revenge on its creator, Victor Frankenstein, and does this through the killing of his little brother, best friend, and wife. The monster then heads to the North Pole to seek refuge, where Frankenstein then seeks out the monster to end the life of his creation once and for all. Instead, Victor is fatally wounded by the monster, and the story ends with the monster accusing mankind for its lack of compassion before disappearing into the Arctic Sea. Through a close analysis of the main character s and settings of the story, it can be concluded that Mary Shelley’s novel is, above all, about the theme of alienation and the innocent victims that are affected by it, a theme that is also prominent in Fyodor Doestoevsky’s Crime and Punishment. In the book Frankenstein, alienation is something Victor Frankenstein faces through pretty much his entire life. At first he alienates himself due to the creation of a monster, and then out of fear of the monster. During his early years, Victor lived as anShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley739 Words   |  3 Pagesinterconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristicsRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journal ist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary She lley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thought

Essay Renewable Resources - 1576 Words

Renewable resources are also known as alternative energy sources. Alternative Energy is any source of energy that can be renewed (Issit). Renewable Energies include hydrogen fuel, biomass fuel, hydropower, solar power, geothermic energy, and nuclear power. Hydrogen fuel is an amalgamation of hydrogen and oxygen which is used to produce electricity (Issit). Biomass fuel is made from materials which have already been used, such as compost, and can be used to generate electricity (Issit). Hydropower can be created through moving water or wind to generate electricity (Issit). Using sunlight to produce electricity is called solar power (Issit). Geothermic energy is energy made by the heat under the earth’s mantle (Issit). Nuclear power is†¦show more content†¦The Constitution states that it is designed, â€Å"To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Disc overies† (The Constitution). Simplified, this means that the government has the responsibility to promote the progress of science, such as discoveries about energy sources and preserving the environment. There are Supreme Court cases discussing whaling and emissions that are very similar to the topic of eliminating the use of fossil fuels. In a whaling case in late 2008, for example, the final ruling was that navy submarines can continue using sonar waves underwater, despite the harm these waves bring to underwater mammals (Top US Court). Environmentalists fought hard to make a law preventing these ships from using these harmful signals but were overruled by the â€Å"needs of the Navy to respond to threats† (Top US Court). This case is similar to energy sources because the harmful waves, like fossil fuels which are also damaging, are being permitted, just like fossil fuels are allowed today. Another case regarding concerns similar to renewable resources is the case on car emissions and whether they should be legal or not. Previously, the Environmental Protection Agency decided that regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from cars was not needed (US Supreme Court). However, in 2006, the Supreme Court ruled that this decision was â€Å"not in accordance with the law† (USShow MoreRelatedRenewable Energy Resources928 Words   |  4 Pagespolluting, costly fossil fuels and only 14% is renewable is diabolical. Why must we harm our environment to contribute to our energy production when renewable energy sources are so abundantly present so that we may be symbiotic with nature? To lessen our environmental impact and be able to avoid the high expenses of non-renewable fossil fuels in the near future it should be obvious that we start to use more renewable energy sources than we do nonrenewable resources for apparent reasons. It’s the only answerRead MoreRenewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy Resources1840 Words   |  8 PagesRenewable Vs. Non -renewable Energy Resources: Environmental and Economical Advantages and Disadvantages Imagine a life without washing machines, dryers, refrigerators, computers, televisions, lights, and cars. Imagine a planet so polluted that smog is in the air so bad that one cannot see very far, lakes and streams are poisoned, and land so badly scarred from people trying to find more energy sources. One day this may be a reality if we do not do something to change how we use our energy resourcesRead MoreRenewable Energy : Renewable Resources1944 Words   |  8 PagesRenewable energy: energy in which comes from natural resources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat (Bhatia, 2014). This essay is focused on the main three renewable energies, wind, sunlight, and water. Renewable resources are well on the way to out rule the fossil fuel industry because of the diminishing amount of fossil fuels left in the world and increase of renewable resource use, the damage fossil fuels do to the environment, and the variousRead MoreRenewable Reso urces For Renewable Energy Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pages Renewable Resources used to be a source that was futuristic and far beyond the time period. Fossil Fuels are damaging to the home that is named Earth. Americans should support the production of renewable resources because they are more efficient, the world will experience a decline in the emission of Fossil Fuels, and the use of of WWS (Wind, Water, Solar) Resources will produce a more resilient source when compared to the sources that in effect now. WWS Resources produce more efficiently thanRead MoreEssay about Renewable Vs. Non-Renewable Energy Resources1748 Words   |  7 PagesRenewable Vs. Non-renewable Energy Resources: Environmental and Economical Advantages and Disadvantages Imagine a life without washing machines, dryers, refrigerators, computers, televisions, lights, and cars. Imagine a planet so polluted that smog is in the air so bad that one cannot see very far, lakes and streams are poisoned, and land so badly scarred from people trying to find more energy sources. One day this may be a reality if we do not do something to change how we use our energy resourcesRead MoreEssay On Use And Value Renewable Resources786 Words   |  4 Pages5. Use And Value Renewable Resources And Services We all know by now that fossil fuel is unsustainable. The best way to shift to a renewable source is to use resources and services that originate from plants, animals and the environment. It is also important to use locally sourced material as often as possible. It makes more sense to build a stone house on a rocky mountainside than on a barren plain. Its about using what we have around us to the best ability rather than be a part of a consumeristRead MoreRenewable Resources For Renewable Energy1438 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction In the most basic definition, energy is power that is harnessed from physical or chemical resources, often utilized in order to produced light, heat or fuel. It can be extracted from various renewable or non-renewable sources and has become a necessity for day to day life. Currently non-reusable resources account for the majority of energy production. The prominence of fossil fuels in the energy sector validates this claim. At the same time this statement reveals a major world issueRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Depletion Of Non Renewable Resources3186 Words   |  13 PagesEmergent Communities A Pathway To Net Zero Energy Kara Boboski Abstract: This paper discusses the issues of global warming, and the depletion of non-renewable resources, and how it has lead to the promotion of net zero energy communities. There are many benefits to achieving carbon neutrality, which will be further explored. A wide variety of clean energy is available, which can be harnessed and even stored for future use. This variety of clean energy no negative effect on the earth. FurtherRead MoreA Study Case For Renewable Resources981 Words   |  4 Pagesregion and nonappearance of neighborhood resources. The state needs tons of petroleum and coal for power, yet late exercises have expanded utilization of renewable resources. There are numerous distinctive hotspots for renewable vitality that could unravel our vitality use issue, despite the fact that impressive measures of sun based photovoltaic and wind power use have actuated force value issues which have made Hawaii a study case for renewable resources. We are looking at Algae fuel and solar andRead MoreConcerns of Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources1141 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerns on how to make the world a better place to live. One of the biggest issues is our energy and power resources. Green energy is renewable energy that is environmental friendly, and forms of green energy include geothermal, hydropower, solar, and wind energy. Nonrenewable resources, as the name implies, are resources for which there is a limited supply, and forms of nonrenewable resources include fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Much of our world is using fossil fuels, but in the process of achieving

Cross Cultural Management Global Expansion Process

Question: Describe about the Cross Cultural Management for Global Expansion Process. Answer: Introduction The merger and acquisition is one of the most significant strategies that the business corporations undertake during the global expansion process. Most of the multinational corporations use this strategy in order to diversify, consolidate or expand their business entities in the international market (Tellis 2012). It is evident that the merger and acquisition process has the significant impacts on the cross cultural management process. Cross cultural management process is one of the major aspects of merger and acquisition process. It is observed that the considerable amount of management researches is pointing out several potential challenges faced by the business entities due to the merger and acquisition process. It is in fact noticed that the clashes found between diversified cultural people are significantly affecting the business activities. According to Li (2013), the internationalised merger and acquisition process does not only deal with the cross border aspects, it has the c lear connection with the cross cultural management as well. The experienced business personnel have presented different definitions about the cross cultural aspects. The effects of cross cultural communication are much visible in the society (Bird and Orozco 2014). For example, it is quite difficult to cooperate with the people who belong to diverse cultures, as their perceptions and languages are different. The language barrier is thus one of the major concerns. However, the study will analyse the case scenario of acquisition process of Nokia by Microsoft. Concentrating on the case study analysis, it is necessary to understand the underlying issues faced during such acquisition process. It is observed that the major issues are created due to the cross cultural management aspects. The barriers signified by the business personnel while sharing ideas and values are the major sources for the situational conflicts (Wang, Hedman and Tuunainen 2016). The companies ought to face several potential challenges due to such underlying cross cultural mana gement issues. The study will thus present the in-depth description of the possible challenges and consequences due to such acquisition process. The literature based study will present the identified cultural dilemmas that may affect the business functionalities. The associated theoretical analysis will also be presented in this study. Depending on such identified challenges and issues, the preferable recommendations will be presented accordingly. Background of the Industry The mobile industry is the fastest growing sector in the world of communication in this current time. It is noted that in this recent scenario, internet is the most preferable and usable media for people worldwide (Williams 2014). In fact, the business companies have become much dependable on the internet privileges currently. The cell phone or the mobile phone industry is generally involved with the manufacturing process of mobile phone handsets. However, in this current business scenario, it is noted that the mobile phone industry has been largely concentrating on developing the technological tools and innovative communication services (Giachetti and Marchi 2016). This fastest growing industry has become much focused on implementing innovative business process and efficient technologies. The progress of the smart-phones has brought the drastic changes in this current business world of mobile industry. The cell phone industry has begun to develop since 1994. The increased amount of the users has made the improvised version of the smart phones that are much demanding in this current era. In todays time, the usage of the mobile phone has reached up to 182 million in US. The companies like Samsung and HTC started offering the larger-screen smart phones in the recent years in US. On the other hand, it is noted that Apple iPhone started offering the 4.7-5.5 inches screen smart phone, which is known as phablets. It is important to mention that the market entry of Apple iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s plus has increased the momentum to their favour. It is also observed that these Apple products have now made up overwhelming revenues of 84% in the market of US (Adler and Graham 2016). In spite of the cultural differences, the uses of smart phones have been increasing in every corner of the world in this recent time. Another most popular smart phone company is Nokia, which has gathered maximum of the customers supports in the world of mobile communication. However, it is noticed that Nokia has been facing several potential challenges in their business orientation. In fact, it is seen that Nokia is burning cash. In one years time, the company went down with almost 24% of loss (Giachetti and Marchi 2016). In order to mend this loss, Nokia was acquainted by Microsoft Corporation that provided the company a proper support platform (Flood, West and Wheadon 2013). However, it has been noted that the operational costs of Nokia has already consumed almost $1.15bn, which is one of the important fraction of $6.4bn net cash of the company (Adler and Graham 2016). Apart from this consequence, it is also noted that this acquisition process included many other recognisable challenges with the cross cultural factors. This study will be concentrating on such cross cultural factors that have been creating signifi cant challenges for the business. In fact, the recognition of the potential challenges and possible consequences will be determined for suggesting the suitable recommendations in the future business prospects. Literature Review The cross cultural management is considered as the involvement of working of the teams for achieving the global purposes of internationalised business. The cross cultural management process has been focusing on the modified approaches that are useful for participating in the competitive business scenario. According to Laamanen, Lamberg and Vaara (2016), the cultural variations are much foreseen in this current organisational scenario. In majority of the cases, it is noticed that the business people cannot memorise such determinants every time while undertaking any operational functionalities. Most of the variations are seen in the manners of addressing people. Employees from different cultural background hold the diversified attitudes, beliefs, and values. Therefore, it is quite obvious that during the team work, the cultural clashes may occur accordingly. It is observed that the foreign business people tackle the mistakes in a very rude manner. The lack of patience and the huge cult ural differences are prominently shown in the attitudes and behaviour. The imperatives may vary from culture to culture. Cullen and Parboteeah (2013) implied that cultural imperatives refer to the business customs and expectations, which are either conformed or avoided in order to strengthen the relationships with the associates. In fact, the successful business personnel are aware of the diversified languages, which are necessary for communicating with the people from diversified language background. The entire process is depended on the establishment of the proper interpersonal relationships. However, in spite of the benefits in assembling the people from diverse culture, some of the potential challenges are also signified that have the clear impacts on the business activities (McFarlin and Sweeney 2014). Challenges associated with cross cultural management in international business acquisition Acquisition is the term used for purchasing the assets or shares of other company for achieving a particular business goals or managerial influence. This acquisition process may sometimes not be a mutual agreement, but an assembling process of different cultural people. It is considerably the purchase process of one company by another company or business entity. In majority of the cases, it has been found that one company purchases the entire 100% of the assets of other company during the acquisition process. It provides the authority of ownerships and structuring the business functionalities as per the convenience of the purchaser company. Ali-Yrkk et al. (2013) defined that the acquisition process can be specified as the hybrid of two independent firms. The acquisition is signifying the different meaning as resource acquisition or knowledge acquisition. Furthermore, it can be inferred that the acquisition process includes two different types of the process, such as domestic acquisi tion and cross-border acquisition. It is to be specified that the cross-border acquisition involves the companies, which are located in two different countries. On the contrary, the domestic acquisition refers to the acquisition process between the companies that are located within a country. In general description, it can be stated that the acquisition process is usually taken over consents to the takeover process (Singh 2014). In many of the cases, it is noticed that the hostile acquisition includes the widespread of the places where the bigger company takes control over the smaller company without the consent. Identified Consequences of Cross Cultural Management in Business Acquisition Process It is to be specified that the organisations usually undertake the acquisition process for developing the new capabilities, offering the wider range of the brands, expanding their product variations, or increasing the supply and distribution channels. It is even one of the most helpful processes of reducing the costs that are invested for the operational activities (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). However, it is noticed that there are several potential challenges associated with the cross cultural management purposes in the international acquisition process. It is noted that during the acquisition process, one company takes the control over the other company, hence, the management functionalities and business objectives changed accordingly. In fact, in this acquisition process, the employees from different organisational collaborate with each other. The collaboration between the people from diverse culture is much recognisable in the international merger and acquisition process. Whi le the employees of one company need to work with other employees of the parent company, the clashes between their business perspectives and values create several challenges for the business process (Minkov and Hofstede 2012). Therefore, it becomes difficult to deal with such diverse scenario. The internal management may face the significant at challenges due to the frequent conflicting scenario. The different mentality, language barriers, and diversified values and beliefs can affect the business process as well. Due to the enormous cultural conflicts, the employees become more insecure about retaining their job. Moreover, it brings the job dissatisfaction eventually. Therefore, it becomes the significant challenge for the merged companies. Along with the negative impact, the cross cultural collaboration brings more positive influences as well. The collaboration of the diverse culture brings out the innovative business ideas, which are effective enough for the future growth opportunities. While working with the people from different cultural background, the assimilations of the new ideas and skills take place (Jain 2014). When these ideas are aligned with each other, it brings the special significance in the business growth. The international marketing process has been generating the sense of sophistications in this business world. In order to maintain such sophistications, the business companies have been looking forward to identify more innovative practices. With the help of innovative tech nologies, the management functionalities are restructured by the business management team. Considering such business perspectives, the managers are trying to gather maximum of business ideas. However, it is noticed that fulfilling such purposes is not the easier process (Hakala, Svensson and Vincze 2012). In order to bring the diversified ideas together, the companies end up having several potential conflicts. The mismatch of the mentalities, pattern of works, and attitudes is bringing more situational crisis. Acquisition in context of the case scenario of Microsoft and Nokia Microsoft has the dominant position in the software service market in this current business scenario. The company provides the best software solutions with the full potentiality. On the other hand, it has been noted that Nokia also has the dominant market in the mobile phone industry. Nokia has been conducting the operational business management since 150 years. The company has already dealt with the manufacturing process of boot, car tyres, and televisions and generated the electricity services as well (Adler and Graham 2016). In the year of 1992, Nokia launched the first digital handheld GSM (Global system for mobile communication) mobile services. It is important to note that Nokia has widespread their dominance in the mobile market industry and take this industry to a symbolic platform. However, the launch of Apple iPhone and other valuable handsets threatened the market position of Nokia more significantly. Recognising such consequences, in the year of 2011, Nokia entered into a n agreement with Microsoft for using the windows software exclusively to add more efficiency in the platform of the smart phones. In that year, Microsoft eventually acquainted the mobile phones of Nokia and started manufacturing the smart devices of the business units (Giachetti and Marchi 2016). It also associated the design team and operational team of Nokia. Eventually, it is noticed that such operational process included facilities related to the production sales and other management functionalities. After the acquisition process, Microsoft started manufacturing the Nokia devices under the name of Microsoft and started distributing Nokia Lumia, Nokia X, and Nokia Asha. However, the problem became recognisable when the company started facing issues with the employment procedure of the internationalised employees. In some of the cases, this process is considered as the organisational fit. It is to be indicated that the cultural formation is never considered as the random events or an action, which is completely dependent on the founders personalities. It is a process that is solely dependent on the reaction of the internal factors to the imperatives of external factors (Flood, West and Wheadon 2013). However, in some of the research studies, it is noted that majority of the information has been signifying the failure of the process much prominently. It has been signified that the company failed to create the significant value more specifically. Considering such problems, it is noted that the managers and leaders have been trying to avoid the merger and acquisition process as much as possible in order to accomplish the pre-determined goals. Moreover, the cultural clashes have been affecting both the internal scenario and the operational activities of the business. The mismatches of the management procedures and lack of communicational transparency are the two most considerable factors of business determinants (Laamanen, Lamberg and Vaara 2016). It is noted that the employees have been feeling more insecure in working with the other employees of different cultural background. They are somewhat unable to establish the proper interpersonal relationship with the other employees who are culturally diverse. These significant challenges have been affecting their morale, which eventually deteriorates the performance parameters. In fact, it is seen that even though the cultural differences serve as the value creation process for improving performance parameter, it does not create any fruitful effects for the operational process. Model of Cultural Dimensions Concentrating on such potential challenges associated with the cross cultural management of the acquisition process, it is necessary to keep the focus on the proper theoretical analysis. In such regards, the establishment of the cultural dimension model would be much beneficial for the descriptive purposes. In considering the cultural dimensions, Geert Hostede introduced a theoretical model, which has been revolving around the impact of cultural integration in the business and society. As far as the internationalised business purpose is concerned, it is noted that the cultural dimension model has become one of the most significant facet (McFarlin and Sweeney 2014). The different features associated with such dimensional model are much fruitful for the business purposes. The origin of this model was subjected to the factor analysis which was considered by the large number of population. There are six major dimensions of the cultural management, which have been creating the specific im pacts n the organisational operational activities. These dimensions have been explained further: Power Distance: This particular dimension is focusing on the absolute extent, which is less powerful. In fact, it is also noted that this dimension is also expected to be controlled by the distribution power, which has taken place unequally. Avoidance of Uncertainties: This dimension signifies the extent to which the associated employees or people do not face much ambiguity. Moreover, they face the significant challenges during the uncertain situations. Collectivism vs. Individualism: The major focus of this particular dimension is the preferences of the associated people who are dealing with the different consequences. The individual preferences are taken into account in such regards. They usually do not receive proper help in time of crisis. During such moments, these people seek more orientations or knitted network. Masculinity vs. Femininity: It is noted that the masculinity is mainly accepted as the social assertiveness, achievements, heroism, and materialistic rewards for attaining success (Minkov and Hofstede 2012). The contradiction found in the description of the femininity aspects. This femininity context has been representing the cooperation, modesty, and quality of life, which is determining the cares for the weaker person. Restraints vs. Indulgence: This dimension deals with the degree to which the focus of the controls over the desires and impulses can be measured. It generally specifies the restrictive attitudes for controlling the desires in a significant way. Long term vs. Short-term Orientation: The final dimension is suggesting the long term vs. Short term orientation. The short term orientation depicts the strongly inclined motives for establishing the underlying truth. On the other hand, long term orientation pertain the inclination of the specific motives for searching the underlying virtues. In order to describe the features of these dimensions, it can be inferred that the power distance is specifying the stands for inequality, which suggests the paternalistic ways of management functionalities. The autocratic leadership values are much prominent in such cases. The uncertainty avoidance is specifying the extent to which the members have been undertaking risks or flexibility in a contrasting way (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). In fact, it is noted that the uncertainty avoidance is also suggesting the tolerance towards the diversified opinions and behaviours. In this scenario, people tend to avoid risks. Moreover, the presence of consensus became essential. Significant Challenges faced during Microsoft and Nokia Acquisition Process If concentrated on the western nations, the cultural differences are quite difficult to recognise. However, there are still some of the cultural differences found among Americans and Finns. People from Finland are considerably more reserved whereas the Americans represent the stereotypically confident (Adler and Graham 2016). The differences in the economic structure of these two countries are also much visible. However, in case of the acquisition process between Microsoft and Nokia, it is noted that the companies faced the real challenges due to the cross cultural factors. In this deal, Microsoft purchased Nokia by spending 5.4 billion (Giachetti and Marchi 2016). The senior management of both the companies declared this purchase. The process was the initial stage of removing Nokia from the handset markets. The entry of Apple and Samsung handset smashed the dominant market of Nokia handsets. However, the motto of Microsoft is to evaluate the innovative software in Nokia handsets for participating in competition against Samsung and Apple. After this acquisition process, many of the internationalised employees were appointed for the further operational functionalities (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). However, during the collaboration of the diversified cultures, it is noticed that the organisational performance stated deteriorating instead of growing further. In spite of implementing the innovative ideas, these companies faced the huge loss due to the internal conflicts and inefficient work performance. The cultural clashes in the business idea implementation are thus considered as one of the major reasons for business failure. Recommendations Concentrating on the above issues and potential challenges, it can be signified that the companies need to focus on several specific recommendations. The following recommendations will thus be preferable enough for eliminating the hazardous situations formulated due to the cross cultural setting. Establishment of Communication Transparency The lack of communication is the source of most of the situational conflicts. It is noted that creating the communicational transparency is essential for each of the business leaders. The leaders or the managerial figures need to take the responsibility to look after the concerns of the associated employees of the organisation. It is observed that during the acquisition process, the employees of Nokia and Microsoft were assimilated to perform the business functionalities. Due to such collaboration, they needed to communicate with each other to share the business ideas. However, due to the language barriers and cross cultural traits, the employees face difficulties to cope with each other. It creates the major obstacles in understanding the business requirements, performing the operational functionalities, and accomplishing the business goals. Moreover, due to the lack of communication transparency, the employees cannot even raise their concerns, which often lead them towards job diss atisfaction. Hence, it is necessary to promote the interpersonal relationship by establishing the communicational transparency. Undertaking the effective leadership Style The leaders are the major responsible figures for driving the organisational functionalities for accomplishing some certain goals. The effective leadership style helps in gathering the employees together and motivating them to bring the best performance outcome. The assimilation of their fruitful efforts would be much helpful in ensuring the achievement of the organisational goals. Keeping focus on such aspect, it can be recommended that the establishment of the transformational leadership style would be much helpful for strengthening the performance attributes of the associated employees. The transformational leadership style is much helpful in developing the professional and personal skills of the employees as a whole. The leaders need to take the responsibility of making the associated employees aware of the benefits of cultural diversity. Moreover, the leaders need to deal with the employees more efficiently. Especially, when the people from different cultural background collabor ate, it is helpful for gathering innovative ideas and values. It is noted that most of the employees have been feeling insecure regarding their job stability. The internal conflicts are increased more significantly due to such acquisition process. The employees are simply losing their confident, which affects their morale in a significant manner. It can be specified that the efficient efforts and initiatives of the skilful leaders would be much helpful in determining the establishment of the employees motivational factors. The leaders need to keep their focus on the situational conflicts, job security aspects, proper monetary benefits, and rewards and recognition programmes. It would be much helpful for the employees to motivate their self-confidence and ensure the capabilities of sustaining in a competitive business environment. Conclusion The entire study has been focusing on the evaluation of the cross cultural management process during the acquisition process of Microsoft and Nokia. It has been observed that the Microsoft took control over Nokia for strengthening the competitive position in this recent business scenario. The cell phone or the mobile phone industry is generally involved with the manufacturing process of mobile phone handsets. The emergence of smart phone products by Samsung and Apple smashed the dominant market of Nokia in a significant way. Therefore, it was essential to keep the focus on the particular business strategy that could be beneficial for sustaining in this competitive environment. However, it is noticed that such acquisition process brought the employees of different background together. Even though the collaboration of the culturally diversified employees is bringing the innovative ideas for business innovations, it has become the biggest threat for this acquisition process. It is noticed that the employees are unable to cope with the other people who are culturally diverse. Moreover, it has been creating the significant impact on the employees performance attributes, which are the loss for the business. The lack of proper leadership style and communicational transparency were the major reason behind such uncertainties. The autocratic leadership values are much prominent in such cases. The uncertainty avoidance is specifying the extent to which the members have been undertaking risks or flexibility in a contrasting way. However, the recommended strategy has been concentrating on improving such errors and establishing the proper leadership strategies for the business benefits. Accordingly, it would be beneficial for the company to strengthen their organisational position for achieving the pre-determined goals. References Abol, S.M., 2015.Cultural perspective of acquisitions between Microsoft and Nokia in Kenya(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Adler, N.J. and Graham, J.L., 2016. Cross-cultural Interaction: The International Comparison Fallacy?. InLanguage in International Business(pp. 33-58). Springer International Publishing. Ali-Yrkk, J., Kalm, M., Pajarinen, M., Rouvinen, P., Seppl, T. and Tahvanainen, A.J., 2013. Microsoft Acquires Nokia: Implications for the Two Companies and Finland.ETLA Brief,16(3). Bird, R.C. and Orozco, D., 2014. Finding the right corporate legal strategy.MIT Sloan Management Review,56(1), p.81. Chanlat, J.F., Davel, E. and Dupuis, J.P., 2013.Cross-cultural management: culture and management across the world. Routledge. Cullen, J.B. and Parboteeah, K.P., 2013.Multinational management. Cengage Learning. Flood, D., West, T. and Wheadon, D., 2013. Trends in mobile payments in developing and advanced economies.RBA Bulletin, pp.71-80. Giachetti, C. and Marchi, G., 2016. Successive changes in leadership in the worldwide mobile phone industry: The role of windows of opportunity and firms competitive action.Research Policy. Hakala, U., Svensson, J. and Vincze, Z., 2012. Consumer-based brand equity and top-of-mind awareness: a cross-country analysis.Journal of Product Brand Management,21(6), pp.439-451. Jain, P., 2014. Strategic Role of HR in Mergers and Acquisitions.Aweshkar Research Journal,17(1). Laamanen, T., Lamberg, J.A. and Vaara, E., 2016. Explanations of Success and Failure in Management Learning: What Can We Learn From Nokias Rise and Fall?.Academy of Management Learning Education,15(1), pp.2-25. Li, W., 2013. Market Strategy from Microsoft Acquiring Nokia. McFarlin, D. and Sweeney, P.D., 2014.International Management: Strategic Opportunities Cultural Challenges. Routledge. Minkov, M. and Hofstede, G., 2012.Cross-cultural analysis: the science and art of comparing the world's modern societies and their cultures. Sage. Minkov, M. and Hofstede, G., 2012.Cross-cultural analysis: the science and art of comparing the world's modern societies and their cultures. Sage. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Pudelko, M., Tenzer, H. and Harzing, A.W., 2014. Cross-cultural management and language studies within international business research: Past and present paradigms and suggestions for future research.Routledge companion to crosscultural management. London: Routledge. Singh, N.P., 2014. Microsoft Acquired Nokia in Unipolar Operating System Market.Independent Journal of Management Production,5(3), pp.598-622. Sultana, M., Rashid, M., Mohiuddin, M. and Mazumder, M.N.H., 2013. Cross-cultural management and organizational performance: A content analysis perspective.Cross-Cultural Management and Organizational Performance: A Content Analysis Perspective, pp.133-146. Tellis, G.J., 2012.Unrelenting innovation: How to create a culture for market dominance. John Wiley Sons. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2014.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Wang, J., Hedman, J. and Tuunainen, V.K., 2016. Path Creation, Path Dependence and Breaking Away from the Path: Re-Examining the Case of Nokia.Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research,11(2), p.16. Weber, W., Festing, M. and Dowling, P.J. eds., 2013.Management and International Review: Cross-Cultural and Comparative International Human Resource Management. Springer Science Business Media. Williams, J., 2014. Microsoft CIO Talks Innovation, Career Growth, and Dogfooding.IT Professional,16(4), pp.64-64. Zhu, Y. and Bargiela-Chiappini, F., 2013. Balancing emic and etic: Situated learning and ethnography of communication in cross-cultural management education.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.380-395.

Back Office Processes free essay sample

Diagram to illustrate the chain of events leading up to an online purchase: Diagram 2: Diagram to illustrate the chain of events that an online purchase triggers: Diagram 3: diagram to illustrate the information that flows into and out of the organisation and between areas/departments as a result of the ecommerce process: Customer locates product they want to purchase. Customer clicks ‘add to bag’ Apply stock Code to customer account so link is set up between product and the account. Use product code to get data about product. Get data from cookie placed on PC about items previously being added to basket Has customer ordered any more items previous to adding this item? Display product data about item(s) on basket page Does the customer change the quantities of any items? Display changes Update cookie with quantity changes Increase/decrease quantity number by the quantity amount chosen. Does the customer delete any items from the bag? Delete save data of this item from cookie Update display with item that has been deleted not shown Does the customer delete any more items from basket? Does the customer continue shopping? Customer confirms these are the items they want to buy selecting ‘go to checkout’ The sign in screen is displayed as secure entrance to the transaction process Is customer a new customer? The Customer signs in by entering their email and password in the ‘new customers’ box Customer clicks continue and the account creation page is loaded. We will write a custom essay sample on Back Office Processes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Customer enters all personal details and click ‘I agree’ and then click continue. Does customer enter all mandatory information? Display at the top of the page that the customer needs to enter the fields he missed out or entered incorrectly Basic account is now saved to system including data just entered Next page is displayed securely Next page is displayed securely Customer Click continue Has the customer entered payment details before? Show user the payment page Customer enters credit/debit card information and clicks continue. All data relevant to this order is placed on the summary page. Customer clicks ‘place order’ and ordering process is complete. Orders office receives order from customer Is credit/debit card details valid? Save order with a created order number (for reference) on pending order database Send customer an email to confirm that their order has been placed Check that credit/debit card data given is all valid Send email to customer informing them that their card has been rejected and their data must be either changed or payment made by a new card Has Customer changed card data? Wait until pending orders database has new data Is credit/debit card details valid? As payment method is valid, send order to stock Are ordered items listed on the on stock database with correct amount available? Place order number on pre order database Are ordered items listed on pre-order database? Notify pending order database when items become available Items are out of stock at present Items are out of stock at present Has order been placed at suppliers for those items? Place order with suppliers Has decrease of items bought it below reorder level? Place order with suppliers Batch items together if able to and give label with order reference Send to packaging department Print customer receipt containing items title, description, price, postage cost, total cost, returns information, customer address, account number and order number Place customer receipt with customer item(s) Place items and receipt in most secure and cost effective packaging Weigh package and save weight to order number on pending order database Use weight to determine which would be the cheapest option to send with courier/postal service Save postal service type code to order on pending orders database Print appropriate label with receiving address, order number, account number and postal service type and apply label to package Check that labelling is correct by verifying to order details on pending order database Send package to dispatch department Pay courier/postal service amount die for sending this item Place package in suitable area for the correct service for dispatch Transfer order data from pending orders to completed orders database Email customer to inform them their item(s) have been dispatched Wait until transport arrives and takes package

Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Example

Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Example Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay In this calling episode I would wish to depict the undertaking that I worked on during Nov 2008 to Oct 2010. I was working as a Technical Support Engineer in Alcatel Lucent undertaking for Mobilink called Mobilink Infinity, a good known Telecommunication Company in Pakistan. Mobilink Infinity was one of the biggest undertakings of Mobilink. Background Alcatel-Lucent is a supplier of telecommunication and information communicating systems, and related services, covering a scope of engineerings, including particularly nomadic webs. My Duties and Duties: Integration, Configuration, Optimization and Support of Alcatel-Lucent 7450 ESS-6 functioning as CE ( Customer s Edge ) in Mobilink Infinity ( WiMAX ) Program. Integration, Configuration and Support of OMNI 6850E functioning as CE ( Customer Edge ) for Asignaling over IP and Gb over IP. Configuration and Support of Alcatel-Lucent 8628 Multi Media Instant Conferencing ( MMIC ) Server deployed for inhouse and privy activities in Mobilink GSM. Configuration ofA ESS 7450A ( VPLS, A IES ) A asA per Network Design Diagram.A ConfigurationA Fiber/EthernetA portsA ( Trunk/A LAG s ) A asA perA demand and NDD.A Migration of unrecorded web from Omni Switch 6850 and Huawei Edge Router to ALU 7450 ESS-6. Coordination with Level 3 Support ( Turkey ) for declaration of TASC ticket of ESS 7450. Weekly backup of ESS 7450 and OMNI 6850E constellation. Analyzing KPI s traffic statistics and supervising the web to better public presentation. Performing and Analyzing drive trial and bring forthing studies with recommended actions. Frequency Planning, Frequency Auditing and Neighbor Planning for new and old Cell Sites. Responsible for traffic dimensioning with optimum usage of Half Rate. Perform Engineering Survey, Documentation, Site Acquisition of BSS sites for corroborating the handiness of proper infinite and specification demands for Alcatel equipment. Performed the Swap from ZTE to ALU, Motorola to ALU and NTS ALU Indoor to ALU outdoor. Personal workplace activity My occupation duites as support Engineer A ; RF Engineer included Planning and Managing Wireless Projects their Deployments, Configurations, Maintenance and Operations for Point-to-Multipoint connectivity over 3.5 GHz and Point-to-Point connectivity over 5.8 GHz Band, for Broadband and Data Circuits. As a support applied scientist I was foremost assign the undertaking of optimising the RF web and doing studies on the coverage. PMCL was in the soft launch stage that clip. Friendly user proving was traveling on that clip. In two month I had to work with our RF squad for doing all the coverage maps and optimising the web so that when we commercially launch our solution, we should hold proper coverage in all the promised country. The tool/software we used was XCAL ( Tool for the drive trial in WiMAX ) . This tool is a really efficient one. By utilizing it we can bring forth all the RF parametric quantity studies demoing the CINR ( bearer intervention noise ratio ) , RSSI ( Receive signal strength strength ) and transmit power optimisation inside informations etc. My accomplishments for thrust testing are ever appreciated to great trade. I conducted drive testing of around 70 plus sites out of 250 sites in the south part. XCAP ( Tool for drive trial consequences treating in WiMAX ) was the tool we used for the processing of the consequences and bring forthing the RF coverage maps and studies. Those studies and coverage maps are really utile in the hereafter parametric quantity alterations for the optimisation in conformity with the client demands. With the aid of those studies physical parametric quantities alterations were besides changed. For betterments in the RF coverage. RF studies were conducted on the wimax sites maintaining in position the orientations and jousts of the RF aerial. NPO ( Network Performance Optimizer ) is the tool used for the optimisation. This tool helps us take the public presentation trial of the RF sites so that we address the issues of slow browse, camping/decamping issues and VOIP ( voice over internet protocol ) issues. The most of import portion of my work was to develop elaborate studies on twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and hebdomadal footing. Those studies contained all the work performed on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and hebdomadal footing demoing the alterations we made and the consequences obtained afterwards. Hammer Call Analyzer is used for the VOIP proving. Two RF parametric quantities RSSI and CINR are monitored closely with the environmental alterations to better the voice quality. SBC ( Session surround control ) is the device used with the NGN ( following coevals ) Router for supplying the VOIP services to the client. Testing the different seller merchandises to acquire the perfect compatible device for our web so that that VOIP service can be offered to the client. Zyxel was the first seller we used but recently Siemens was the seller we get satisfied with. With the directional aerial type used in the Siemens device made it the preferable device for both the services i.e broadband cyberspace and VOIP. Zyxel was utilizing the omni-directional aerial for their indoor devices. I was on a regular basis deployed on our MSC ( Mobile exchanging centre ) where the chief commanding unit WAC ( Wimax Access Control ) is installed. WAC controls all the entree points installed in the web. My chief responsibility there was to analyse the web traffic flow and the upgrading of the clients CPE microcode. We were holding 15000 plus client at that clip. So acquiring them upgraded was a really tough undertaking but I did it on clip. The trials which I performed after the firmware/software migration are Network Entry trial, NW entry sensitiveness trial, Pinging Test, PER ( Packet Error Rate ) Test, Throughput VS Coverage Test, Throughput VS Speed Test, Simultaneous DL VS UL Test, NW capacity Trials, Backhauling trial, VoIP Tests ( Using X-Lite / CPEs ) . After the commercial launch I was deployed with the squad to look after the Microwave nexus installing for corporate clients like Bankss and transnational etc and their monitoring and care. These MW links are the same as that of normal microwave transmittal used in the sites backhauling. I have the custodies on experience of installing, commissioning and operation of assortments of MW equipment. I conducted TSS ( Technical site study ) before the installing of the nexus. The study consists of look intoing the line of site ( LOS ) , seller suitable for the client, the type of solution harmonizing to the client demand, Coordinates of the location, edifice tallness, Azimuth ( angle ) and so utilizing the package PATHLOSS 4.0 to do the connectivity program for the nexus and look into if any intervention issue persist. I calculated the intervention, melt border and TSS inside informations for the processing of LINK BUDGET and provided the installing squad, guidelines for the nexus installing. I designed a system of Progress update sheets to update the day-to-day advancement of work in the site and paid regular visit to look into and verify the site status as per Update sheets and take exposure of site advancement which helped me in doing of site entree study. I monitored the clip spent on activities Vs the clip originally estimated. I reviewed A ; updated the undertaking program on a regular basis, reapportioning resources and rescheduling activities as required. In Mobilink Wimax Project, I used my technology abilities to run into the latest demands of Telecom industry. My chief aims were to work as a squad and develop a feasible solution that could assist others to finish this type of exercising in a given clip frame successfully. Summary I used my technology abilities to run into the latest demands of Telecom industry. My chief aims were to work as a squad and develop a feasible solution that could assist others to finish this type of exercising in a given clip frame successfully. Besides I learnt to ever utilize economical solution in technology to be successful.

The Walt Disney Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Walt Disney Company - Research Paper Example The company was later reincorporated in 1929 as Walt Disney Productions, Ltd, and it became a publicly-traded company in 1938. The company became a leading American animation industry before it was diversified into live-action film production, television, and travel. The Walt Disney Company is well known for its Walt Disney Pictures Group and presently it is one of the leading studios in Hollywood. The Walt Disney has formed a $7 billion agreement with Pixar Animation Studios where Steve Jobs is the Chief Executive Officer and 50.6% owner. On the strength of this deal, Jobs will become the largest shareholder at Disney and acquire a major position in its director board. This alliance ensures the collaborated business operation of both Pixar and Disney animation studios. Management experts opine that this acquisition would assist the Disney to continue its dominance in American animation industry. Presently, both the Disney and Pixar possess considerable managerial strengths which off er prosperous future for the integrated operations. This paper will evaluate the scope of the Disney-Pixar alliance by focusing more on different aspects of this acquisition strategy. Steve Jobs’ influence on Walt Disney Steve Jobs who is blessed with an innovative brain is the co-founder of Apple Inc; whereas, the Disney has already gained a good stature among its customers across the globe. The case study indicates that the Disney’s long run success can be mainly attributed to its value creation through diversification. The company’s three dimensional corporate strategies include horizontal and geographic expansion as well as vertical integration. When the Disney takes advantages of all available expansional opportunities or choices of businesses, Steve Jobs tries to develop new products in accordance with changing market interests. Hence, Disney’s repute and Jobs’ technical expertise together would assist the Walt Disney to achieve infinite heig hts in market. On the strength of Job’s long years’ experience in technological innovation, the Disney can minimize its research and development costs to a large extent. In addition, this strategic alliance would assist the Disney to reduce the intensity of market competition and the situation may add value to the company’s future vision and strategies. As Mungenast (2007) points out, the Pixar Animation Studios also possess a series of competitive strengths including CGI-animate feature films developed with PhotoRealistic RenderMan that generates high quality images (p.9). Therefore, the planned acquisition may assist the Disney to increase the number of its potential customer groups. It is known to everyone that Jobs’ relentless effort was the only factor that lifted Pixar and Apple sky-high. If he can bring his innovativeness to this new venture, he will uplift the staid company to a leading laboratory for media convergence. Management of Digital Age C orporation After his astounding success in Apple and Pixar, Steve Jobs sets a new bar for how to manage a Digital Age corporation. As music, movies, and photography go digital, customer interests have switched from complex product structures to elegant simple devices. From the case study, it is clear that Jobs in an obsessive perfectionist who demands total control over each and every aspect of product, from hardware and software to its applications. Jobs’ efficient leadership also contributes to the effective management of a

West and the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

West and the world - Essay Example The occupation of the Americas was fundamental for the development of the various European countries. As such, they employed specific strategies in their attempts to carve out huge empires in the regions. Among the strategies they used was the divide and rule, a technique the European employed thereby setting the indigenous people against each other thereby making them weak thus easy to rule. Furthermore, the European enjoyed economic and military might thereby quelling any form of opposition from the indigenous people. Using the above techniques, the Europeans readily occupied the most arable lands in the various countries thereby enhancing their economic growth. Â   The Europeans encountered numerous people including the indigenous people in the areas they occupied. The red Indians in North and Central America and the Latinos were among the groups of indigenous people the Europeans encountered in the quest to colonize the Americas. The indigenous people were few and lived in scattered structured. This made them vulnerable and exposed thereby making it easy for the Europeans to occupy. The outcomes of the encounters were bloody as the European often used force in their attempt to occupy the areas. Â   Making of the three empires above remain vital in the development of the world. The structures of the early empires influence the political structures of the specific regions. Among the factors that necessitated the development of the empires was the need for the societies to have centralized leadership. This way, the people could coexist peacefully under the leadership of a single leader. The empires resulted in the fortification of the regions as each empire developed clear demarcation thereby forming diplomatic relationships with other regions. This enhanced the development of trade thus enhancing the economic development of the regions. Additionally, the regions formed appropriate

Factors afecting enzyme activity Essay Example for Free

Factors afecting enzyme activity Essay Below is a table of result which I obtained when conducting these experiments. Time (s) Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide (cm3) 0. 0 Amount of gas given off using 2cm3 of liver suspension and 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3)   Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3) 0 Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 4cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3). Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3)   Amount of gas given off using 0. 5cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3) 0By looking at these results I can see that the best ratio I have tested so far is the ratio of 10:1 (5cm3 hydrogen peroxide to 0. 5 cm3 liver suspension) as it gives me a good spread of results and does not happen so quickly that I cannot take results from it. I obtained a 1cm3 syringe with which I could accurately measure to the nearest 0. 02 cm3 I used 0. 2cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide my results are in the table below. Time (s): 0. 0   Amount of gas given off using 0. 2cm3 of liver suspension and 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide (cm3his ratio gave me good results which I can easily analyse so I have decided to use this ratio in my final experiment. I will use the concentrations 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of liver suspension in my experiments as these should give me sensible results. Also, after conducting these experiments I have decided to use a 1cm3 syringe as this will give me accurate results and I have decided to use a gas cylinder rather than a measuring cylinder to collect gas as this is more accurate and easy to read. Fair testing In order to ensure that my results are reliable and accurate I will endeavour to make sure that there is only one variable in all of my experiments. Given that I only wish to test one variable I will make sure that I control all other variables that could affect the amount of gas produced in my experiments. Factors that could affect the results of my experiments are temperature, pH, apparatus and substances. To maintain a constant temperature throughout all my experiments I will conduct all of my experiments with the side arm boiling tube in an electronically heated water bath set at a temperature of 30i C. I have chosen this temperature as it is higher than room temperature so this will not affect it and it is not at a temperature high enough to denature the enzymes. To control pH I will add a pH buffer to the liver suspension buffering the pH at seven. I have chosen seven as it is neutral and therefore should not affect my experiments. I will also test the pH of the liver suspension at the start of each experiment using universal indicator if the paper turns light green I will know the pH is seven. To ensure that my apparatus is in working order I will ensure that I assemble the apparatus well and double check that all connections are well made and are therefore as air tight as possible. This will mean that any all gas produced goes into the gas cylinder and does not escape the apparatus so that my results are accurate. Given that all substance concentration that I will ask for will be mixed by the school biology department I cannot be sure exactly what is in them so unfortunately I will have to trust that all the substances I use are what they should be. Before using any of my substances I will stir them for ten seconds using a glass rod, this is to ensure that there is an even distribution of liver in my suspension so my results are accurate. Also, I will always use the same concentration of 10 vols hydrogen peroxide. Another factor which could affect my results is human error. When I am conducting my experiments it is possible that I could inaccurately measure my substances and I could start the stop clock at the wrong time. To accurately measure all of my substances I have chosen the most accurate apparatus to measure them with. I will measure as closely as is possible with the human eye measuring my liver suspension accurate to the nearest 0. 01cm3 and my hydrogen peroxide to the nearest 0. 1cm3. Also, when injecting my hydrogen peroxide I will inject it as quickly as possible so the full amount is in the boiling tube as soon as possible. I will start the stop clock at the very moment I inject the hydrogen peroxide so my results are accurate. Safety When conducting my experiments it is vital that I take the utmost care to be safe in the laboratory. I will wear safety glasses to protect my eyes as well as tucking my tie into my shirt to avoid it coming into contact with any apparatus or substances. Also, when dealing with hydrogen peroxide I will only remove the stopper from the bottle when I need to use it, I will extract it with a syringe and replace the stopper immediately. I will do this as hydrogen peroxide is highly dangerous and can cause the spontaneous combustion of clothing if applied in high concentrations. Also I will take great care when handling glass equipment and will ensure that all apparatus is properly clamped in place before beginning my experiments. I will be aware of others around me, tidying my apparatus away so it does not pose a danger to others. Also, I will wash my hands after conducting my experiments so as not to leave any dangerous substances on my hands which may be ingested if I put my hands near my mouth. MethodApparatus   A water bath   A trough A side arm boiling tube   A test tube rack   A gas cylinder   A stopwatch   A clamp and retort stand   1x 1cmi syringe   1x 5cmi syringe   A bung with a space for a syringe. Thermometer Diagram Procedure Before conducting any experiments I will ensure that the gas cylinder is full of water with no air bubbles by filling it then placing my thumb over it whilst submersing it in the trough. I will also ensure that the water bath is at a temperature of 30i C. After collecting the listed apparatus I will set it up as in the diagram above. I will then remove the bung and collect a liver suspension. I will begin with a concentration of 2% then proceed to use 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% as well as a control of distilled water. I will firstly take a sample of the solution in a test tube and universal indicator solution to it to in order to monitor the pH of the suspension. I will not add a buffer to control the pH as the chemicals in the buffer could interfere with the reaction and alter my results. I will measure out 0. 2cm3 of the suspension using a 1 cm3 syringe being as accurate as is possible with the naked eye when measuring. I will inject this suspension into the side arm boiling tube and replace the bung. I will then use the 5cm3 syringe to measure out 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide. I will place the syringe into the bung and ensure that all my apparatus is air tight. I will then quickly inject all of the hydrogen peroxide into the boiling tube whilst simultaneously starting the stop clock. I will then record the amount of gas collected in the gas cylinder at ten second intervals for a period of two minutes. I will then repeat each experiment three times for each concentration of liver. I will record all my results on the table below. After collecting my results I will go on to test a different liver concentration until I have three sets of data for five different concentrations as well as a control. I will then tabulate these results and use the average results for each experiment to plot a graph of my results allowing me to analyse them easily. Taking the average of three experiments for each suspension will give me more reliable results as it will reduce the affect of anomalous results. Also, to ensure that all my tests are fair I will endeavour to use exactly the same conditions for each experiment by maintaining a constant temperature and by measuring all substances as accurately as is possible. I will also ensure that my apparatus is set up in exactly the same way for each experiment. When conducting my experiments I will consider all factors which I discussed in the fair testing section of this project making my results as reliable and accurate as possible. Observations On the next page is a table showing my results for the experiments described in my plan. I will go on to analyse these results in the analysis section. Analysis On the next page is a graph showing volume of gas produced against time for the six concentrations of liver suspension I used in my experiments. Although the graph of my results that I produced may at first appear not to agree with my predicted graph it does in fact indicate that my hypothesis was true. The lines on my graph are in the same positions as I predicted apart from the control graph which was higher than I expected. The lines did not flatten out as I predicted however, I believe this is due to the fact that I used a short time scale and the graphs would have flattened out had I used a longer time scale. I did not use a longer time scale as it would have been pointless given that I am investigating the rate of reaction of several different liver concentrations rather than the rate of reaction changing over time in one concentration of liver. On the whole I am happy with my graphs and I think they verify my hypothesis. My graph for the reaction rate of the 2% liver concentration followed this pattern well. Initially there was a dramatic increase in the amount of gas released. After the first ten seconds this slowed significantly, the amount of gas released still increased but it increased much more slowly and steadily. This was because the catalase broke down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen slowly and steadily. The reason for the graph continuously going up slowly throughout the entire two minute period was because there was little catalase compared to hydrogen peroxide meaning that even by the end of the two minutes there was still a lot of hydrogen peroxide which had not been decomposed and so the enzymes were still working at the same rate. I think that if I had let the experiment continue for a longer time period the gradient of the graph would have flattened to zero as all of the hydrogen peroxide would have been decomposed. My line is approximately straight showing me that the reaction rate was roughly the same throughout the experiment however, the gradient is steepest at approximately sixty seconds meaning that the rate was highest here. In order to compare the rates of reaction of all my graphs I will need to calculate the rate of reaction for each graph. I will do this by dividing the amount of oxygen produced by the time taken to produce it. This will give me a rate in cmi of oxygen per second (cmi /s). I have chosen to take the rates of reaction from the points on the graphs after thirty seconds. Although it may seem that the maximum rate is at ten seconds and so I should take this rate I think this is due to the hydrogen peroxide I injected displacing air in the apparatus. I have chosen thirty seconds as I think this is sufficient time for the experiment to have settled after the initial burst of gas and it is not too late that some of the reactions had begun to slow down. The rate of reaction at thirty seconds for the 2% concentration suspension is as follows: 3. 83cmi 30s =0. 13cmi /s (2dp) I chose to take my rates to two decimal places as this is accurate enough for me to analyse my rate graph well and it is not so accurate that it would be difficult to plot on a graph. My graph for the rate of reaction of the 4% concentration liver suspension further supports my hypothesis. It has the same initial increase in gas from when I injected the hydrogen peroxide, it then continues to slope upwards but not as fast as before. As I predicted the 4% graph slopes up at a higher gradient than the 2% solution graph. This can be seen by simply looking at the graph. As predicted the gradient of each line is higher than the one that preceded it. This is because as the concentration of the suspension increases there is more catalase to break down the hydrogen peroxide into its component parts. I will now proceed to compare the gradients and rates of reaction for each concentration. On this graph the gradient of the line and the rate of reaction are the same thing as gradient=change in Y Change in X And rate of reaction=amount of gas produced (change in Y axis) Time (change in x axis) Below is a table showing the rates of reaction for each of my concentrations of catalase including the control experiment of 0% catalase. As before I will take the gradient of the line after thirty seconds. concentration of liver suspension amount of gas produced (cmi ) time (s) rate of reaction (cmi /s). On the next page is a graph of my results, I have plotted concentration of liver suspension against rate of reaction, this will better show my results and will help to verify my hypothesis. As you can see from the graph there is clearly a relationship of proportionality between the rate of reaction and the concentration of liver suspension as I predicted in my hypothesis. I have added a best-fit line to my graph to better show this trend. As I predicted the line is slopes upwards showing that as the concentration of liver suspension increases the rate of reaction increases, this is due to the fact that there was more catalase to collide with the hydrogen peroxide in the higher concentrations. One problem with these results is that my control experiment seems to have a rate of reaction however, this is simply due to the initial burst of gas at the start of the experiment when the hydrogen peroxide that I injected displaced air in my apparatus. Although this effectively means that all of my results are wrong I can still draw sensible conclusions from my graphs as every one of my results had the same displacement of air so when comparing my results this in fact has no effect. If there had been no displacement of air in my apparatus I think this line would have been straight and through the origin showing that rate of reaction and concentration of liver suspension are directly proportional. I will not attempt to subtract the gas displaced by the hydrogen peroxide from my results as this could further magnify any inaccuracies in my experiments and I do not need to in order to draw reliable conclusions from my graph. The conclusion I have come to by looking at my graphs is that my hypothesis was correct. I think that as the concentration of the liver suspension increases so does the rate of reaction proportionally.

Obedience and Submissiveness in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Ess

Obedience and Submissiveness in Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett's pessimistic attitude about the existence of man lead him to write one of the best contemporary plays known to the twentieth century. Even with its bland unchanging set, clown-like characters, and seemingly meaningless theme, Waiting for Godot, arouses the awareness of human tragedy through the characters' tragic flaws. Charles Lyons feels, a character's attitude of the space in which he lives, shows a range of detail marking economic status, social classification, and psychology (Lyons 19). Beckett uses the character, Lucky, as a metaphor for Man. Using physical, mental, and social blemishes, Lucky exemplifies Becketts idea that universal man is a slave to his own being. First Lucky symbolizes man's slavery in a physical sense. Lucky has a master that instructs him where to go and what to do. Lucky is physically tied with a rope to his master, but in a sense is also tied to him by fear of being alone. Lucky is asked by two tramps to dance, but refuses. Lucky only dances at his master command. Lucky is also a slave to weakness. When Lucky does finally dance, he shuffles chaotically. Ramona Cormier and Janis Pallister describe Lucky's movements as stiff and ungraceful. They believe it is because he is use to being loaded down with burdens...his body is unable to move freely (Cormier and Pallister 13). Brooks feels that age has diminished Lucky's dance to a few ineffectual, spasmodic memories of a past ritual (Brooks 294). Lucky calls his dance the net (Beckett, Act I 27). It is ironical that Lucky does not escape the net that restricts him from being independent. The last physical characteristic of slavery that Lucky exemplifi... ... C. "The Mythic Pattern in Waiting for Godot." Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 292-299. Carey, Gary, and James Roberts, eds. Beckett's Waiting for Godot, Endgame, & Other Plays. Cliffs Notes, Inc. Nebraska: 1995. Cromier, Romona.,and Janis L. Pallister. Waiting for Death. Alabama: U of Alabama Press, 1979. Fletcher, J. "Action and Play in Beckett's Theater." Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 242-246. Iser, W. "Beckett's Dramatic Language." Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 251-259. Lamont, Rosette. "Beckett's Metaphysics of Choiceless Awareness." Samuel Beckett Now. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1975. 199-217. Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. New York: Grove Press, 1983. Metman, Eva. "Reflections on Samuel Beckett's Plays." Samuel Beckett: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Martin Esslin. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965

Software Developer

R N S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHANNASANDRA, BANGALORE – 61 UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES FOR 6TH SEMESTER INFORMATION SCIENCE SUBJECT CODE: 06CS62 PREPARED BY RAJKUMAR Assistant Professor Department of Information Science DIVYA K 1RN09IS016 6th Semester Information Science and Engineering [email  protected] com Text Books: 1 Terrence Chan: Unix System Programming Using C++, Prentice Hall India, 1999. 2 W. Richard Stevens, Stephen A.Rago: Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2005 Notes have been circulated on self risk nobody can be held responsible if anything is wrong or is improper information or insufficient information provided in it. Contents: UNIT 1, UNIT 2, UNIT 3, UNIT 4, UNIT 5, UNIT 6, UNIT 7 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION UNIX AND ANSI STANDARDS UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Do uglas McElroy and Joe Ossanna.Today UNIX systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. The ANSI C Standard In 1989, American National Standard Institute (ANSI) proposed C programming language standard X3. 159-1989 to standardise the language constructs and libraries. This is termed as ANSI C standard. This attempt to unify the implementation of the C language supported on all computer system. The major differences between ANSI C and K&R C [Kernighan and Ritchie] are as follows: ? Function prototyping ? Support of the const and volatile data type qualifiers. Support wide characters and internationalization. ? Permit function pointers to be used without dereferencing. Function prototyping ANSI C adopts C++ function prototype technique where function definition and declaration include function names, arguments’ data types, and return value data types. This enables ANSI C compilers to check for function calls in user programs that pass invalid number of arguments or incompatible arguments’ data type. These fix a major weakness of K&R C compilers: invalid function calls in user programs often pass compilation but cause programs to crash when they are executed.Eg: unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data) { /*body of foo*/ } unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data); eg: int printf(const char* fmt,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ); External declaration of this function foo is specify variable number of arguments Support of the const and volatile data type qualifiers. ? The const keyword declares that some data cannot be changed. Eg: int printf(const char* fmt,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ); Declares a fmt argument that is of a const char * data type, meaning that the function printf cannot modify data in any character array that is passed as an actual argument value to fmt.Volatile keyword specifies that the values of some variables may change asynchronously, giving an hint to the compiler’s optimization algorithm not to remove any â€Å"redundant† statements that involve â€Å"volatile† objects. char get_io() { volatile char* io_port = 0x7777; char ch = *io_port; /*read first byte of data*/ ch = *io_port; /*read second byte of data*/ } ? eg: If io_port variable is not declared to be volatile when the program is compiled, the compiler may eliminate second ch = *io_port statement, as it is considered redundant with respect to the previous statement. Prepared By: RAJKUMAR [Asst. Prof. ] & DIVYA K [1RN09IS016] Page 1 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES The const and volatile data type qualifiers are also supported in C++. Support wide characters and internationalisation ? ? ANSI C supports internationalisation by allowing C-program to use wide characters. Wide characters use more than one byte of storage per character. ANSI C defines the setlocale function, which allows users to specify the format of date, monetary and real number re presentations. For eg: most countries display the date in dd/mm/yyyy format whereas US displays it in mm/dd/yyyy format. Function prototype of setlocale function is: ? #include char setlocale (int category, const char* locale); ? The setlocale function prototype and possible values of the category argument are declared in the header. The category values specify what format class(es) is to be changed. Some of the possible values of the category argument are: category value effect on standard C functions/macros LC_CTYPE LC_TIME LC_NUMERIC LC_MONETARY LC_ALL ? ? ? ? ? Affects behavior of the macros Affects date and time format. Affects number representation format Affects monetary values format combines the affect of all above Permit function pointers without dereferencing ANSI C specifies that a function pointer may be used like a function name.No referencing is needed when calling a function whose address is contained in the pointer. For Example, the following statement given below d efines a function pointer funptr, which contains the address of the function foo. extern void foo(double xyz,const int *ptr); void (*funptr)(double,const int *)=foo; The function foo may be invoked by either directly calling foo or via the funptr. foo(12. 78,†Hello world†); funptr(12. 78,†Hello world†); K&R C requires funptr be dereferenced to call foo. (* funptr) (13. 48,†Hello usp†); ANSI C also defines a set of C processor(cpp) symbols, which may be used in user programs.These symbols are assigned actual values at compilation time. cpp SYMBOL USE _STDC_ Feature test macro. Value is 1 if a compiler is ANSI C, 0 otherwise _LINE_ Evaluated to the physical line number of a source file. _FILE_ Value is the file name of a module that contains this symbol. _DATE_ Value is the date that a module containing this symbol is compiled. _TIME_ value is the time that a module containing this symbol is compiled. The following test_ansi_c. c program illustrates the use of these symbols: #include int main() { #if _STDC_==0 printf(â€Å"cc is not ANSI C compliant†); #else printf(â€Å"%s compiled at %s:%s.This statement is at line %d †, _FILE_ , _DATE_ , _TIME_ , _LINE_ );