Internal Determinants of Attraction

The way people look at the world plays an essential role in determining how they see themselves. Therefore, the way that people look at the world is treated as an ever-changing circle of inspiration (Schiffenbauer 275). It has been observed that depressed people are never interested in getting in touch with the positive side of life like it is the case with happy people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Determinants of Attraction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also evident that if a person is exposed to a household that is violent, abusive, or overly restrictive, the person has high chances of getting stressed (Singh 294). This paper will, therefore, illustrate attribution and analyze how internal determinants of attraction influence how a person makes decisions on who to get attracted. Attribution is a critical theory which influences the behavior of people and how they relate with each other. It is essential in that it tries to explain the behavior of an individual and how the behaviors of other people influence his conduct (Lo 1949). The attribute is, therefore, an inference about why a person behaves in a particular manner. For a person to adequately explain his behavior and the behavior of his friends and relatives, it is crucial for him to assign attributes to his behaviors and the behaviors of his friends and relatives. These behaviors play an essential role in enabling him to determine whether he will have a positive attraction to himself or other people around him (Nowicki and Blumberg 50). Kausel and Slaughterb stipulate that the two different types of behavior in people are influenced by either internal or external factors (5). For example, there are instances when a person may walk into his boss’s office, and his boss might tell him in an angry tone that he does not wish to be disturbed (Rose, Larkin and Hands 574). From an external point of view, one migh t argue that the boss is a nice guy and that he is being overwhelmed by stress. However, an internal explanation might refer to the boss as a rude person and that he is always angry all the time (Singh 296). There are very many factors which influence how people assign attributes to the behavior of people. They depend on how people portray themselves. These, in turn, influence the kind of attitude that people develop towards a specific person (Highhouse, Thornbury and Little 135). Attitudes are critical in shaping the degree of attraction a person may have towards another person.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been observed that a person is normally attracted to certain people and not others (Lo 1949). For example, in the case of friends, a person sees as if his friends are all similar to him in a particular way. This is although his friends are different in the way they beha ve (Schiffenbauer 276). For example, some of a person’s friends might be well mannered while others might be ill-mannered. A person might, however, be unable to distinguish between his best friends among his two categories of friends. Stockdale, therefore, asks what makes a person to choose his friends (192). Berry, on the other hand, stipulates that social psychology and a person’s beliefs play a very important part in influencing the kind of friends that a person chooses and gets attracted to (276). Several reasons have been attributed to why people get attracted to other people. White says that proximity is an essential determinant of why people develop an attraction towards each other (56). For example, it is true that many people live close to each other or they have at one time lived close to each other when their friendship was developing (Berry 279). Friendship and attraction develop after a person gets to know the other person. Therefore, the closer these two people are, the closer they get towards achieving this goal. It has been observed that people who have at one time lived closer to each other or who live close to each other tend to be more attracted to each other especially when they find themselves in a new place where they are surrounded by strangers (White 57). For example, in the case of those people who are assigned seats in a classroom, most of their friends tend to be those whose last names start with the same letter (Nowicki and Blumberg 50). The different fields that people engage in making them relate with each other and determine whether they can get attracted to each other (Lo 1948). For example, two people can meet in a class that they enjoy. In this case, the two people would be highly attracted to each other because they are brought together by a common course. In case a person encounters other people in a class that he does not like or attends a class which he does not understand anything, chances are that if he mee ts another person who he enjoys the same classes with, he would be more attracted to him as opposed to the person that he meets in the class that he does not enjoy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Determinants of Attraction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Singh also points out that similarity determines whether a person would be attracted to another party (297). For example, in the case of a class that a person does not like, he would be attracted to the person who also shows negative feelings to the class because they would be sharing a common feeling. Reciprocal attractiveness also determines whether a person will be attracted to a particular person (Kausel and Slaughterb 10). White points out that people tend to like those people who like them too. People, therefore, need to understand that every person likes to feel likable. Whenever a person likes somebody, who does not like him back, the feeling of attraction begins to fade away (Stockdale 200). Also, if a person feels good when he is around a particular person, he develops a higher level of attraction towards that person. This, therefore, means that if a person wishes other people to get attracted to him, he must also be attracted to them. Physical attractiveness determines how people choose their friends (Singh 300). Although this is not a very significant determinant of attraction, most people tend to choose people who they believe are attractive and who are also close enough to notice their attractiveness as well. Berry stipulates that it is a common occurrence to see beautiful people hanging around other attractive people. It has also been noted that many physically active young women tend to be more attracted to wealthy men (Kausel and Slaughterb 10). This is true because most people tend to assign â€Å"attraction point† or â€Å"social assets† to everyone they meet. These social assets comprise of phys ical attractiveness, education, sense of humor, and education (Nowicki and Blumberg 52). These imply that if a person is educated, he will be attracted to those people who are also educated. In the case of wealth, a wealthy person gets attracted to other people who have more money. It is true therefore that people rate their attraction potential on social assets. Works Cited Berry, Diane. â€Å"Attractiveness, attraction, and sexual selection: Evolutionary perspectives on the form and function of physical attractiveness.† Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 32.1 (2004): 273-342. PrintAdvertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Highhouse, Scott, Erin Thornbury, and Ian Little. â€Å"Social-identity functions of attraction to organizations.† Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 103.1 (2007): 134-136. Print Kausel, Edgar and Jerel Slaughterb. â€Å"Narrow personality traits and organizational attraction: Evidence for the complementary hypothesis.† Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 114.1 (2011): 3-14. Print Lo, Shao-Kang. â€Å"The Impact of Online Game Character’s Outward Attractiveness and Social Status on Interpersonal Attraction.† Computers in Human Behavior 24.5 (2008): 1947-1948. Print Nowicki, Stephen and Neil Blumberg. â€Å"The role of locus of control of reinforcement in interpersonal attraction.† Journal of Research in Personality 9.1 (2004): 48-56. Print Rose, Elizabeth, Dawne Larkin, and Beth Hands. â€Å"Evidence for the validity of the Children’s Attraction to Physical Activity questionnaire (CAPA) with young children .† Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12.5 (2009): 573-578. Print Schiffenbauer, Allen. â€Å"Physical distance and attraction: An intensification effect.† Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 12.3 (2004): 274-282. Print Singh, Ramadhar. â€Å"Reinforcement and attraction specifying the effects of affective states.† Journal of Research in Personality 8.3 (2004): 294-305. Print Stockdale, Janet. â€Å"Crowding: Determinants and Effects.† Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 11.1 (2008): 192-247. Print White, Gregory. â€Å"Misattribution of arousal and attraction: Effects of the salience of explanations for arousal.† Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 20.1 (2004): 55-64. Print This essay on Internal Determinants of Attraction was written and submitted by user Landen Savage to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History of Domestication for Broomcorn Millet

The History of Domestication for Broomcorn Millet Broomcorn or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), also known as proso millet, panic millet, and wild millet, is today primarily considered a weed suitable for bird seed. But it contains more protein than most other grains, is high in minerals and easily digested, and has a pleasant nutty taste. Millet can be ground up into flour for bread or used as a grain in recipes as a replacement for buckwheat, quinoa or rice. Broomcorn History Broomcorn was a seed grain used by hunter-gatherers in China at least as long ago as 10,000 years. It was first domesticated in China, probably in the Yellow River valley, about 8000 BP, and spread outward from there into Asia, Europe, and Africa. Although the ancestral form of the plant has not been identified, a weedy form native to the region called P. m. subspecies ruderale) is still found throughout Eurasia. Broomcorn domestication is believed to have taken place about 8000 BP. Stable isotope studies of human remains at sites such as Jiahu, Banpo, Xinglongwa, Dadiwan, and Xiaojingshan suggest that while millet agriculture was present ca 8000 BP, it did not become a dominant crop until about a thousand years later, during the Middle Neolithic (Yangshao). Evidence for Broomcorn Broomcorn remains which suggest a highly developed millet-based agriculture have been found at several sites associated with Middle Neolithic (7500-5000 BP) cultures including the Peiligang culture in Henan province, the Dadiwan culture of Gansu province and the Xinle culture in Liaoning province. The Cishan site, in particular, had more than 80 storage pits filled with millet husk ashes, totaling an estimated 50 tons of millet. Stone tools associated with millet agriculture include tongue-shaped stone shovels, chisel-edged sickles and stone grinders. A stone millstone and grinder was recovered from the early Neolithic Nanzhuangtou site dated to 9000 BP. By 5000 BC, broomcorn millet was flourishing west of the Black Sea, where there are at least 20 published sites with archaeological evidence for the crop, such as the Gomolava site in the Balkans. The earliest evidence in central Eurasia is from the site of Begash in Kazakhstan, where direct-dated millet seeds date to ca 2200 cal BC. Recent Archaeology Studies of Broomcorn Recent studies comparing the differences of grains a broomcorn millet from archaeological sites often vary a great deal, making them difficult to identify in some contexts. Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute and colleagues reported in 2012 that millet seeds are smaller in response to environmental factors, but relative size also can reflect immaturity of the grain. depending on charring temperature, immature grains can be preserved, and such size variation should not rule out identification as broomcorn. Broomcorn millet seeds were recently found at the central Eurasian site of Begash, Kazakhstan, and Spengler et al. (2014) argue that this represents evidence for the transmission of broomcorn outside of China and into the broader world. See also Lightfoot, Liu and Jones for an interesting article on the isotopic evidence for millet across Eurasia. Sources and Further Information Bettinger RL, Barton L, and Morgan C. 2010. The origins of food production in north China: A different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19(1):9-21.Bumgarner, Marlene Anne. 1997. Millet. Pp. 179-192 in The New Book of Whole Grains. Macmillan, New York.Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010.Hu, Yaowu, et al. 2008 Stable isotope analysis of humans from Xiaojingshan site: implications for understanding the origin of millet agriculture in China. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(11):2960-2965.Jacob J, Disnar J-R, Arnaud F, Chapron E, Debret M, Lallier-Vergà ¨s E, Desmet M, and Revel-Rolland M. 2008. Millet cultivation history in the French Alps as evidenced by a sedimentary molecule. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):814-820.Jones, Martin K. and Xinli Liu 2009 Origins of Agricul ture in East Asia. Science 324:730-731. Lightfoot E, Liu X, and Jones MK. 2013. Why move starchy cereals? A review of the isotopic evidence for prehistoric millet consumption across Eurasia. World Archaeology 45(4):574-623. doi: 10.1080/00438243.2013.852070Lu, Tracey L.-D. 2007 Mid-Holocene climate and cultural dynamics in eastern Central China. Pp. 297-329 in Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene Transitions, edited by D. G. Anderson, K.A. Maasch and D.H. Sandweiss. Elsevier: London.Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute G, Hunt H, and Jones M. 2012. Experimental approaches to understanding variation in grain size in Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) and its relevance for interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(1):69-77.Pearsall, Deborah M.2008 Plant domestication. Pp. 1822-1842 In Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Edited by D. M. Pearsall. Elsevier, Inc., London.Song J, Zhao Z, and Fuller DQ. 2013. The archaeobotanical significance of immature millet grains: an experimental case study of Chinese millet crop processing. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):141-152. Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382USDA. Panicum millaceum (broomcorn millet) Accessed 05/08/2009.Yan, Wenming. 2004. The Cradle of Eastern Civilization. pp 49-75 In Yang, Xiaoneng. 2004. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past (vol 1). Yale University Press, New Haven Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is an important grain crop in the world today, thought to have been domesticated from the wild species green foxtail (S. viridis) at least 11,000 calendar years ago (cal BP) in northern China. Grown world-wide, foxtail millet is cultivated as a dietary staple in arid and semiarid regions of China and India. Nearly 1,000 diverse foxtail millet varieties exist in the world today, including both traditional landraces and modern cultivars. Unfortunately, its smaller size, relative to rice and broomcorn millet, may have led to a lower chance of preservation in the archaeological record, and it wasnt until modern flotation methods were used in excavations that foxtail seeds were regularly recovered. Data for the origin sites is still limited, and ongoing research is studying the points of origin as well as foxtails fairly rapid spread. Domestication of Foxtail Scholars agree that incipient, low-level millet agriculture began about 8,700 cal BP in the upland foothill sandy deserts along the upper Yellow Rivera recent identification of millet starch grains has pushed the likely date back to 11,000 cal BP (see Yang et al. 2012). The theory is that specialized hunter-gatherers experiencing increasing climatic instability began tending plants to provide a stable food source. Why Foxtail? Foxtail millet has a short growing season and an innate ability to tolerate cold and arid climates. These characteristics lend themselves to adaptation in different and difficult environments, and in Neolithic contexts, foxtail is often found as a package with paddy rice. Researchers argue that by the 6000 cal BP, foxtail was been planted either alongside rice during the summer seasons, or planted in the fall as a late season supplement after the rice harvests were collected. Either way, foxtail would have acted as a hedge for the riskier but more nutritious rice crops. Flotation-supported studies (such as Lee et al) have shown that the arid- and cool-adapted foxtail was dominant in the Yellow River valley beginning about 8,000 years ago (Peiligang culture) and remained dominant throughout the Neolithic into the early Shang Dynasty (Erligang, 1600-1435 BC), roughly 4,000 years. Agricultural systems based entirely on millet were present in the foothills of western Sichuan province and the Tibetan Plateau by 3500 BC, and evidence from central Thailand suggests that the millet moved in first before rice: the terrain in these places is quite steep, and the terraced paddies seen there today are much more recent. Archaeological Evidence Early sites with evidence for foxtail millet include Nanzhuangtou (starch grains, 11,500 cal BP), Donghulin (starch grains, 11.0-9,500 cal BP), Cishan (8,700 cal BP), Xinglonggou (8,000-7,500 cal BP), in Inner Mongolia; Yeuzhuang in the lower Yellow River (7870 cal BP), and Chengtoushan in the Yangtze River (ca. 6000 cal BP). The best data concerning foxtail millet comes from Dadiwan, where over the next 1,000 years (a very brief gestation stage for agriculture), foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and rice developed into intensive agriculture. Called the Laoguantai food production system, this hunter-gatherer adaptation required the reduction of mobility, and the fragmenting into small groups adapted to plant use, storage and tending. Eventually, at the start of the Banpo period (6800-5700 cal BP), millet agriculture developed into an intensive pattern with settled, larger populations. Millet spread into the southwestern China highlands as a package with rice, both plants having the characteristics of versatility and capacity for intensification. Sources Bettinger R, Barton L, and Morgan C. 2010. The origins of food production in north China: A different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19(1):9-21.d’Alpoim Guedes J. 2011. Millets, Rice, Social Complexity, and the Spread of Agriculture to the Chengdu Plain and Southwest China. Rice 4(3):104-113.d’Alpoim Guedes J, Jiang M, He K, Wu X, and Jiang Z. 2013. Site of Baodun yields earliest evidence for the spread of rice and foxtail millet agriculture to south-west China. Antiquity 87(337):758-771.Jia G, Huang X, Zhi H, Zhao Y, Zhao Q, Li W, Chai Y, Yang L, Liu K, Lu H et al. 2013. A haplotype map of genomic variations and genome-wide association studies of agronomic traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Nature Genetics 45(8):957-961.Jones MK, and Liu X. 2009. Origins of Agriculture in East Asia. Science 324:730-731.Lee G-A, Crawford GW, Liu L, and Chen X. 2007. Plants and people from the Early Neolithic to Shang period s in North China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(3):1087-1092. Nasu H, Gu H-B, Momohara A, and Yasuda Y. 2012. Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site, central China, reconstructed from weed seed assemblages. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 4(1):1-14.Song J, Zhao Z, and Fuller DQ. 2013. The archaeobotanical significance of immature millet grains: an experimental case study of Chinese millet crop processing. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):141-152.Wang C, Jia G, Zhi H, Niu Z, Chai Y, Li W, Wang Y, Li H, Lu P, Zhao B et al.   2012. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Chinese Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] Landraces. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 2(7):769-777.Yang X, Wan Z, Perry L, Lu H, Wang Q, Zhao C, Li J, Xie F, Yu J, Cui T et al. 2012. Early millet use in northern China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(10):3726-3730.Zhang G, Liu X, Quan Z, Cheng S, Xu X, Pan S, Xie M, Zeng P, Yue Z, Wang W et al. 2012. Genome sequence of foxtail millet ( Setaria italica) provides insights into grass evolution and biofuel potential. Nature Biotechnology 30(6):549-554. Zhao Z. 2011. New Archaeobotanic Data for the Study of the Origins of Agriculture in China. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S295-S306.

Interview a manger with regard to the various managerial functions Essay - 1

Interview a manger with regard to the various managerial functions - Essay Example According to Taylor, Nikesh has several managerial functions that include planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Nikesh is tasked with setting out plans of actions in order to attain the pre-determined organisational goals. Together with other executives, he prepares the strategic plans and operational plans for the entire organisation. Nikeshy is also tasked with organizing function in the company. For instance, he is tasked with providing personnel, raw materials and an organisational structure that contributes to the success of the organisation. He designs the job descriptions and creates reporting relationships within the organisation. According to Fayol’s commanding function, Nikesh is tasked with ensuring optimum utilization of human capital in the organisation. In this function, he delegates responsibilities and inspires the employees towards the attainment of the organisational goal. In the coordinating function, Nikesh is responsible for unify ing and harmonization of all activities and resources in the organisation (Williams 54). For instance, he coordinates the new product development and sales department in order to ensure that new products meet the changing customer needs. He is responsible for the creation of harmonious and coordinated working teams and groups in the organisation. The last managerial function of Nikesh according to Fayol is controlling function. He is responsible for evaluating the attainment of organisational goals. He evaluates the degree of conformity to organisational policies and attainment of budgeted financial performance (Williams 53). Nikesh Arora aspires to the interviewee since he has contributed highly to increased profitability and market share of Google. Nikesh has the management experience at this position since he has previously worked in a multicultural environment and other markets such as Europe and Africa. Nikesh has also